Bio Quiz 2 Exam 2

sunlight and CO2

provided by shoot system.

water and minerals

provided by root system.

O2

for cellular respiration.

xylem and phloem

what are the transporting vessels.

diffusion

movement of a substance from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.

diffusion

directly across the membrane.

water by osmosis

during diffusion there is movement of _______ by ________.

more water

hypotonic solution.

more solute

hypertonic solution.

equal, no net movement

isotonic solution.

movement of water from hypotonic to hypertonic until reaches osmosis

what happens during diffusion.

solute

during diffusion _____ concentration determines how it moves.

isotonic

flaccid.

hypotonic

turgid.

hypertonic

plasmolyzed.

Active Transport

movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient.

Active Transport

mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy.

Active Transport

Na+, K+, and ATPase pump.

Active Transport

protein pump.

Bulk Flow

movement of a fluid due to a difference in pressure between two locations.

water in xylem

during bulk for there is a movement of ____ in _______ from stem to root.

no

Does bulk flow require ATP.

lateral transport

What happens when there is the absorption of water and minerals by roots.

soil, epidermis, root cortex

pathway that water and minerals take as they move from the soil into the plant's root system.

root tip via epidermis and root hairs

most water absorption occurs near _______ _____ via ________ and _______ __________.

cell and tissue compartments

________ and ________ _____ aid in water absorption.

symplast

continuum of cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata between cells.

selective

is symplastic selective or non-selective.

apoplast

nonliving continuum of cell walls and extracellular spaces.

non-selective

is apoplast selective or non-selective.

apoplastic, symplastic, and transmembrane

what are the three transport routes.

mycorrhiza

many plants have water absorption assisted by _____.

mycorrhiza

symbiotic fungus associated with roots.

ion channels and proton pump (hydrolyzes ATP)

transport of solutes across cell membrane via ______ _____ and ____ _____ (_______ ____).

endodermis, casparian strips, suberin

_________ allows selective material from symplast to pass into stele; prevents nonselective material from apoplast to pass into stele because of _________ ______ (a ring of waxy material _______ that blocks the passive flow of water and solute).

the back flow of xylem sap

Transport through cells of the endodermis is selective. What does it prevent?

Xylem, tracheids, vessels

diffusion and active transport of water and minerals into ____ and _______ by living cells.

vertical transport

What type of transport is the transport of xylem sap.

root pressure and transpiration

is sap pushed upward from the roots (_____ _____) or is it pulled upward by the leaves (_____________)?

Root pressure mechanism ("push" mechanism)

upward push of water within the stele caused by active pumping of minerals (and diffusion of water) into the xylem by root cells.

water, stele

during the push mechanism there is an upward push of _____ within the _______.

pumping of minerals and diffusion of water

during the push mechanism there is an upward push of water within the stele caused by ________________ (and ________________).

xylem by root cells

during the push mechanism there is an - upward push of water within the stele caused by active pumping of minerals (and diffusion of water) into the _______ by ___________.

Guttation

exudation of water from tips of xylem veinlets in leaves due to root pressure (short plants).

root pressure

_______ has an affect on vertical movement of sap.

"pull" mechanism

a tension is produced at the top of the plant by transpiration.

"pull" mechanism

the cohesive and adhesive (weak?) properties of water enable it to form an unbroken column which can be pulled.

a tension

during the "pull" mechanism what is produced.

at the top of the plant

during the "pull" mechanism a tension is produced where.

transpiration

during the "pull" mechanism a tension is produced at the top of the plant by ______.

unbroken column

during the "pull: mechanism the cohesive and adhesive (weak?) properties of water enable it to form an ___________ which can be pulled.

transpiration

loss of water from the leaf from the stomata by guard cells.

cohesion

binding together of like molecules (often hydrogen bonds).

cohesion

stronger.

adhesion

attraction between different kinds of molecules.

adhesion

weaker.

adhesion

in the tree there is _________ by hydrogen bonds between water and xylem vessels.

cohesion

in the tree there is _________ by hydrogen bonding between water molecules.

water potential

physical property predicting the direction in which water will flower, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.

solute concentration and applied pressure

in water potential it is a physical property predicting the direction in which water will flower, governed by ______________ and _____________.

atmosphere

extremely negative water potential.

soil

less negative water potential.

high water potential to low water potential so from soil to atmosphere

how does water flow.

bulk flow

there is a water potential gradient from less negative (in soil) up through the higher negative (atmosphere). This literally pulls water through the plant which is called ____________.

translocation of phloem sap

movement of sugar from where it forms to where it is supposed to go.

sugar source -> sieve tube cells -> sugar sink

how does phloem sap travel.

sugar source

organ in which sugar is being produced by photosynthesis or breakdown of starch.

sugar source

e.g. mesophyll of leaves.

sugar sink

organ in which sugar is utilized or stored.

sugar sink

e.g. growing tips of roots and stems, developing fruit.

cortex cells

____________ of root can be wither sources or sinks.

sieve tubes

Phloem loading and uploading - sugar (mostly sucrose) enter __________.

active transport, proton pump

Phloem loading and uploading - sugar (mostly sucrose) enter sieve tubes through ________ (use of ________).

companion cells and parenchyma cells

Phloem loading and uploading _________ and ________ provide the energy.

decreases

Phloem loading and uploading water potential ___________.

sieve tubes by osmosis

Phloem loading and uploading - water (from xylem) diffuses into ________ by ______.

turgor pressure increasing

Phloem loading and uploading - water (from xylem) diffuses into sieve tubes by osmosis which results in.

increased turgor pressure (hydrostatic pressure)

what drives the fluid throughout the system of sieve tubes in the plants.

sugars

At the sink ______ are unloaded.

water diffuses back into the xylem

what happens to a lot of the water in the end of the phloem loading and unloading.

Apical Meristems

Growth regions in plants producing all tissues.

Hypotonic

Lower solute concentration than another solution.

Isotonic

Equal solute concentration in two solutions.

Hypertonic

Higher solute concentration than another solution.

Plasmolyzed

Cell loses water and shrinks due to hypertonicity.

Xylem

Vascular tissue transporting water and minerals.

Phloem

Vascular tissue transporting sugars and nutrients.

Diffusion

Movement from high to low concentration.

Active Transport

Movement against concentration gradient using ATP.

Bulk Flow

Fluid movement due to pressure differences.

Mycorrhiza

Symbiotic fungus aiding plant root absorption.

Apoplastic Route

Water movement through cell walls and spaces.

Transmembrane Route

Water movement across cell membranes.

Endodermis

Layer controlling material entry into vascular cylinder.

Casparian Strip

Waxy barrier preventing passive water flow.

Root Pressure

Upward water push due to mineral pumping.

Transpiration

Water loss from plant leaves via stomata.

Cohesion

Attraction between water molecules via hydrogen bonds.

Adhesion

Attraction between water and xylem vessel walls.

Water Potential

Predicts water flow direction based on solutes.