Bio Quiz 2 Exam 2
- sunlight and CO2 provided by shot system
- water and minerals provided by root system
- O2 for cellular respiration
In resources acquisition and transport in vascular plants what resources of needed and where do they get it from
xylem and phloem
what are the transporting vessels
diffusion
- movement of a substance from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
- directly across the membrane
water by osmosis
during diffusion there is movement of _______ by ________
more water
hypotonic solution
more solute
hypertonic solution
equal, no net movement
isotonic solution
movement of water from hypotonic to hypertonic until reaches osmosis
what happens during diffusion
solute
during diffusion _____ concentration determines how it moves
isotonic
flaccid
hypotonic
turgid
hypertonic
plasmolyzed
Active Transport
- movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient
- mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy
- Na+, K+, and ATPase pump
- protein pump
Bulk Flow
- movement of a fluid due to a difference in pressure between two locations
water in xylem
during bulk for there is a movement of ____ in _______ from stem to root
no
Does bulk flow require ATP
lateral transport
What happens when there is the absorption of water and minerals by roots
soil, epidermis, root cortex
pathway that water and minerals take as they move from the soil into the plant's root system
root tip via epidermis and root hairs
most water absorption occurs near _______ _____ via ________ and _______ __________
cell and tissue compartments
________ and ________ _____ aid in water absorption
symplast
continuum of cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata between cells
selective
is symplastic selective or non-selective
apoplast
nonliving continuum of cell walls and extracellular spaces
non-selective
is apoplast selective or non-selective
apoplastic, symplastic, and transmembrane
what are the three transport routes
mycorrhiza
many plants have water absorption assisted by _____
mycorrhiza
symbiotic fungus associated with roots
ion channels and proton pump (hydrolyzes ATP)
transport of solutes across cell membrane via ______ _____ and ____ _____ (_______ ____)
endodermis, casparian strips, suberin
_________ allows selective material from symplast to pass into stele; prevents nonselective material from apoplast to pass into stele because of _________ ______ (a ring of waxy material _______ that blocks the passive flow of water and solute)
the back flow of xylem sap
Transport through cells of the endodermis is selective. What does it prevent
Xylem, tracheids, vessels
- diffusion and active transport of water and minerals into ____ and _______ by living cells
vertical transport
What type of transport is the transport of xylem sap
root pressure and transpiration
is sap pushed upward from the roots (_____ _____) or is it pulled upward by the leaves (_____________)?
Root pressure mechanism ("push" mechanism)
- upward push of water within the stele caused by active pumping of minerals (and diffusion of water) into the xylem by root cells
water, stele
during the push mechanism there is an upward push of _____ within the _______
pumping of minerals and diffusion of water
during the push mechanism there is an upward push of water within the stele caused by ________________ (and ________________)
xylem by root cells
during the push mechanism there is an - upward push of water within the stele caused by active pumping of minerals (and diffusion of water) into the _______ by ___________
Guttation
exudation of water from tips of xylem veinlets in leaves due to root pressure (short plants)
root pressure
_______ has an affect on vertical movement of sap
"pull" mechanism
- a tension is produced at the top of the plant by transpiration
- the cohesive and adhesive (weak?) properties of water enable it to form an unbroken column which can be pulled
a tension
during the "pull" mechanism what is produced
at the top of the plant
during the "pull" mechanism a tension is produced where
transpiration
during the "pull" mechanism a tension is produced at the top of the plant by ______
unbroken column
during the "pull: mechanism the cohesive and adhesive (weak?) properties of water enable it to form an ___________ which can be pulled
transpiration
- loss of water from the leaf from the stomata by guard cells
cohesion
- binding together of like molecules (often hydrogen bonds)
- stronger
adhesion
- attraction between different kinds of molecules
- weaker
adhesion
in the tree there is _________ by hydrogen bonds between water and xylem vessels
cohesion
in the tree there is _________ by hydrogen bonding between water molecules
water potential
- physical property predicting the direction in which water will flower, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure
solute concentration and applied pressure
in water potential it is a physical property predicting the direction in which water will flower, governed by ______________ and _____________
atmosphere
extremely negative water potential
soil
less negative water potential
high water potential to low water potential so from soil to atmosphere
how does water flow
bulk flow
there is a water potential gradient from less negative (in soil) up through the higher negative (atmosphere). This literally pulls water through the plant which is called ____________
translocation of phloem sap
- movement of sugar from where it forms to where it is supposed to go
sugar source -> sieve tube cells -> sugar sink
how does phloem sap travel
sugar source
- organ in which sugar is being produced by photosynthesis or breakdown of starch
- e.g. mesophyll of leaves
sugar sink
- organ in which sugar is utilizes or stored
- e.g. growing tips of roots and stems, developing fruit
cortex cells
____________ of root can be wither sources or sinks
sieve tubes
Phloem loading and uploading
- sugar (mostly sucrose) enter __________
active transport, proton pump
Phloem loading and uploading
- sugar (mostly sucrose enter sieve tubes through ________ (use of ________)
companion cells and parenchyma cells
Phloem loading and uploading
_________ and ________ provide the energy
decreases
Phloem loading and uploading
water potential ___________
sieve tubes by osmosis
Phloem loading and uploading
- water (from xylem) diffuses into ________ by ______
turgor pressure increasing
Phloem loading and uploading
- water (from xylem) diffuses into sieve tubes by osmosis which results in
increased turgor pressure (hydrostatic pressure)
what drives the fluid throughout the system of sieve tubes in the plants
sugars
At the sink ______ are unloaded
water diffuses back into the xylem
what happens to a lot of the water in the end of the phloem loading and unloading
Apical Meristems
Growth regions in plants producing all tissues.
Hypotonic
Lower solute concentration than another solution.
Isotonic
Equal solute concentration in two solutions.
Hypertonic
Higher solute concentration than another solution.
Plasmolyzed
Cell loses water and shrinks due to hypertonicity.
Xylem
Vascular tissue transporting water and minerals.
Phloem
Vascular tissue transporting sugars and nutrients.
Diffusion
Movement from high to low concentration.
Active Transport
Movement against concentration gradient using ATP.
Bulk Flow
Fluid movement due to pressure differences.
Mycorrhiza
Symbiotic fungus aiding plant root absorption.
Apoplastic Route
Water movement through cell walls and spaces.
Transmembrane Route
Water movement across cell membranes.
Endodermis
Layer controlling material entry into vascular cylinder.
Casparian Strip
Waxy barrier preventing passive water flow.
Root Pressure
Upward water push due to mineral pumping.
Transpiration
Water loss from plant leaves via stomata.
Cohesion
Attraction between water molecules via hydrogen bonds.
Adhesion
Attraction between water and xylem vessel walls.
Water Potential
Predicts water flow direction based on solutes.
Guttation
Water exudation from leaf tips due to root pressure.
Pressure-Flow Hypothesis
Model explaining phloem sap movement via pressure.
Turgor Pressure
Internal pressure from water in plant cells.
Proton Pump
Active transport mechanism using ATP to move protons.
Sieve Tube Cells
Phloem cells transporting sugars throughout the plant.
Sugar Sink
Area where sugars are consumed or stored.
Sugar Source
Area where sugars are produced in plants.
Cotransporter
Protein aiding simultaneous transport of solutes.