Menstrual Cycle and Reproduction

A set of flashcards covering key concepts regarding the menstrual cycle and female reproduction, useful for reviewing anatomy, hormonal changes, and cycles.

What are the primary external structures of the female reproductive system?

Mons pubis, labia majora and labia minora, urethra, clitoris, vaginal vestibule, perineum.

What happens during menarche?

Menarche is the onset of a girl's first menses, typically occurring between ages 12 to 13.

What is the purpose of preconception counseling?

Preconception counseling helps identify barriers to healthcare and assesses risk factors associated with childbearing.

What are the phases of the ovarian cycle?

The ovarian cycle has three phases: Follicular phase, Ovulation, and Luteal phase.

What occurs during ovulation?

Ovulation is when a mature ovum is released from the follicle, typically on day 14 of a 28-day cycle.

What is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

Progesterone thickens the endometrium during the secretory phase to prepare for potential implantation.

What is the significance of the bony pelvis?

The bony pelvis protects pelvic structures, accommodates a growing fetus during pregnancy, and anchors pelvic support structures.

What changes occur during the endometrial cycle's proliferative phase?

The endometrium becomes richer and thicker due to estrogen from day 5 until ovulation.

What defines infertility in women under 35?

Infertility is defined as the inability to become pregnant after 12 months of unprotected sexual intercourse.

What are some treatments for male infertility?

Treatments include intrauterine insemination (IUI) and assisted reproductive technologies like IVF.

What does GnRH stimulate in the hypothalamic-pituitary cycle?

GnRH stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.

Describe the Ischemic phase of the endometrial cycle.

The Ischemic phase occurs just before menstruation, where estrogen and progesterone levels drop, leading to the sloughing off of the endometrial lining.