INFERTILITY

Which one of the following statements about infertility is false?

Infertility affects one in three couples in the United States

When evaluating the patient who is infertile, in addition to assessing structural anatomy, the sonographer should evaluate the:

Endometrium

The uterine anomaly most frequently associated with a high incidence of infertility is a ____ uterus

Septate

The fallopian tubes are evaluated by a sonographic and saline examination to determine which one of the following characteristics?

Patency

A dominant follicle grows at a rate of ___ to ___ millimeters per day (mm/day)

1; 3

Patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome may have the clinical triad of all the following characteristics except:

Bulimia

Complications associated with assisted reproductive technologies include all of the following except:

Cervical stenosis

Lack of progesterone production is known as which one of the following?

Luteal phase deficiency

The T-shaped uterus is a congenital caused by which one of the following?

In utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES)

In the luteal phase, the endometrial lining may be thinner than expected from an inadequate level of which of the following?

Progesterone

A hyperechoic linear strand of tissue extending from one wall of the uterine cavity to the other describes which one of the following?

Uterine synechiae

A normal endometrial response associated with overstimulation is an increasing thickness between 2 to 3 mm and ____ mm

12 to 14

Producing more luteinizing hormone (LH) than follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) results in which one of the following conditions?

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Which one of the following is used as a substitute for luteinizing hormone (LH) to trigger ovulation?

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Which one of the following syndromes demonstrates enlarged ovaries with multiple cysts, abdominal ascites, and pleural effusion?

Ovarian hyperstimulation

Ovarian induction therapy requires documentation of all follicles greater than __ mm in both longitudinal and transverse planes

20

Which one of the following hormones, along with follicle size determine the approximate time of ovulation?

Estradiol

During in vitro fertilization, the optimal placement of the embryos is considered to be within 2 cm of the apex of which one of the following structure?

Uterine fundus

Multiple gestations occur in approximately ___% of in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancies

30

Patients who undergo assisted reproductive procedures have an increased risk of factor for a(n) ____ pregnancy

Heterotopic

On a baseline pelvic ultrasound, an ovarian cyst greater than __ mm could interfere with ovarian stimulation and may represent a persistent follicle

15

Asherman Syndrome contributes to infertility by:

Preventing implantation due to intrauterine adhesions

A septate uterus carries the highest risk for infertility and miscarriage because:

Inadequate blood supply

The standard treatment for a septate uterus causing infertility is:

Hysteroscopic resection of the septum

Luteal Phase Deficiency causes infertility primarily by:

Insufficient progesterone → endometrium not receptive → implantation fails

How does PCOS affect fertility?

Excess LH → FSH imbalance → follicles remain arrested → no mature oocyte

Which test is commonly used to assess fallopian tube patency in infertility evaluation?

Hysterosalpingography (HSG)

Another method for assessing tubal patency with ultrasound is:

Sonohysterography with saline + microbubble contrast (Sonohysterography + Saline/Contrast)

Intrauterine or pelvic adhesions contribute to infertility by:

Tubal blockage of fimbrae

Endometriosis affects fertility primarily by:

Causing pelvic adhesions and ovarian dysfunction

The goal of ovulation induction therapy is to:

Stimulate the development and release of mature oocytes in anovulatory women

Complications of IVF include:

All of the above

In Vitro Fertilization is:

Fertilization of eggs by sperm outside the body, followed by transfer of embryos to the uterus

IVF works by:

Retrieving mature oocytes after ovulation induction → fertilization in lab → transfer to uterus

Intrauterine Insemination involves:

Placement of washed sperm directly into the uterine cavity around ovulation

Post-Ablation & BTL Syndrome refers to:

Persistent or recurrent abnormal uterine bleeding after endometrial ablation and tubal ligation

The most common mechanism causing post-ablation & BTL syndrome is:

Regeneration of endometrial tissue or retained islands of endometrium

Chronic Lower Cervicitis (CLC) is:

Chronic inflammation of the cervical canal

CLC of pregnancy may lead to:

Preterm labor or miscarriage due to cervical incompetence or inflammation

Salpingo-Oophorectomy is:

Surgical removal of fallopian tube and ovary

Hysterectomy involves:

Surgical removal of the uterus

Imaging after hysterectomy shows:

Absence of the uterus on ultrasound

BTL is:

Permanent sterilization via tubal occlusion

Uterine Ablation is performed to:

Destroy the endometrium to control heavy menstrual bleeding

HSG is:

Radiologic evaluation of uterine cavity and fallopian tube patency using contrast