America In History 3 Chapter 37.1-37.7

The American Pageant 16 AP edition by Cohen and Kennedy

air force one

LBJ was sworn in aboard ___ ___ ___ right after JFk’s death

kept

LBJ ___ most of Kennedy’s administration.

texas

Johnson was from ___; was first sent to DC at the age of 29

FDR

Johnson looked up to ___ and supported the new deal

landslide lyndon

After losing the senate race in 1941 and realizing that texans wouldn’t vote for a liberal politician, johnson aligned with conservatives and won in 1948 by 87 votes, earning the ironic nickname “___ ___”

eisenhower

LBJ became democratic majority leader in 1954, second only to ___ in power

johnson treatment

“intimidating \[physical\] display of backslapping, flesh-pressing, and arm-twisting that overbore friend and foe alike”

egotistical; vain

johnson was ___ and ___; he gifted the Pope a bust of himself

liberal

johnson aligned with right-wing ideals to be elected to senate but quickly showed true colors as a ___ once president

filibuster

an action (ex. prolonged speech) that obstructs/delays progress in a legislative assembly while not technically violating required procedures

civil rights act of 1964

the act that banned racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public (ex. theaters, restaurants, hospitals); strengthened 15th amend. (enforcing voting rights)

schools

the civil rights act of 1964 strengthened the government’s power to end segregation in ___ and other public places

title VII

part of the civil rights act (1964) that barred employers from discriminating based on race/national origin/sex in hiring

EEOC

equal employment opportunity commission; created by JFK and enforces anti-discrimination job-based laws

sexual discrimination

conservatives tried to stop the civil rights act (1964) by adding prohibition to ___ ___, thinking liberals wouldn’t support a bill that threatened laws specifically protecting women, but this plan backfired.

affirmative action

AKA “positive discrimination”; a set of procedures that favor individuals from marginalized groups and include them in areas where they are usually underrepresented, like education and employment

war on poverty

antipoverty campaign inspired by “the other america”; made up part of a reform program called the Great Society

Harrington’s The Other America

book that inspired the War on Poverty campaign; reveale that even in affluent America 20% of population - over 40% of Black population - suffered in poverty

Great Society

far-reaching reform program organized by LBJ that epitomized the American confidence of that era; array of measures encompassing New Deal-style universal social programs, plans for ending poverty, and major new public investments for education & the arts

southern; northern

the civil rights act of 1964 was more helpful to ___ than ___ blacks

kennedy

___ inspired legislation for civil rights, and johnson saw most of it through

Lyndon B Johnson

democratic nominee in the 1964 election

Barry Goldwater

republican nominee in the 1964 election

extremist

senator goldwater (AZ) was seen as an ___ by modest conservatives

social security, nuclear test-ban treaty, great society

goldwater attacked federal income tax, ___ ___, TVA, civil rights, ___ ___-___ ___, and, most loudly, ___ ___

new conservatism

goldwater is considered the “founding father” of ___ ___; he supported limited government and getting rid of federal programs to make way for businesses

negative campaigning

deliberately spreading misinformation to ruin/worsen an opponent’s public image

start a nuclear war

infamous “attack ad” of a peaceful girl with flowers cutting to a nuke implied that goldwater would ___ ___; the ad itself played only once but gained coverage from news outlets

“in your heart you know he’s right”

supporters of goldwater’s slogan:

“in our guts you know he’s nuts”

democrats’ response to goldwater’s supporters’ slogan:

arizona; southern

goldwater won ___ and 5 other ___ states, signalling a “flip-flop” of parties that remains today

extremism; justice

goldwater “warmed right-wing hearts” when proclaiming, “___ in the defense of liberty is no vice. And… moderation in the pursuit of ___ is no virtue.”

impact of LBJ signing the civil rights act of 1964

A democrat signing the civil rights act (1964) shook “ancient political loyalties of many white voters” in the south

trigger-happy cowboy

democrats portrayed goldwater as a “___-___ ___ who would ‘Barry us"‘ in the debris of WW3”

resolute stateman

johnson portrayed himself as a ___ ___; this image was built up by seizing the Tonkin Gulf episode

Tonkin Gulf episode (1964)

US navy had been secretly cooperating w/ S. Viet gunboats in provocative raids along NV coast; 2 US destroyers were allegedly fired upon but details still remain unclear today; LBJ ordered “limited” retaliatory air raid

wider war

LBJ implied that Goldwater wanted a “___ ___”, unlike him

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

lawmakers virtually abdicated “war-declaring powers” and let president use further force in Southeast Asia

fondness for JFK’s legacy. faith in Great Society promises, fear of goldwater

3 reasons Johnson won the 1964 election

1964 margin of victory and control over congress

61\.1%-38.5% popular and 90.3%-9.7% electoral; record-breaking popular vote “swept lopsided Democratic majorities” into both Congress houses"

south democrat/north republican

LBJ’s victory temporarily brok the ___ ___/ ___ ___ coalition, and he used the 2:1 dem. majority to pass leislation comparable in size to the output of New Dealers

fiscal; political

the growing economy gave LBJ ___ and ___ room to deliver on promised social reform

office of economic opportunity

congress doubled office’s budget to $2B; granted over $1B to redevelop Appalachian communities

department of transportation and department of housing

two new cabinet offices created in the great society

Robert C. Weaver

first black cabinet secretary and respected economist

national foundation on the arts and humanities

established 1965 to promote progress/scholarship in creative fields throughout the country; the act that created this declared that the arts and humanities belong to all US citizens

aide to education (econ. opp. act); medicare/medicaid; immigration reform, new voting rights (voting rights act)

LBJ’s big four legislative great society achievements

medicare

medical aid for the elderly; made dramatice reductions in incidence of poverty among elderly Americans

medicaid

medical aid for the poor

entitlements

referred rights on certain Americans in perpetuity without needing congressional approval; these programs helped spread “rights revolution” that materially improved millions of lives but hurt federal finances

social security

entitlements last forever until Congress decides not to fund them; one example is the New Deal’s ___ ___

immigration and nationality act of 1965

abolished “national origins” quota; doubled the number of immigrants allowed annually (290K) and set limits on western immigrants for the first time

family reunification clause

new law alling close relatives of US citizens to be admitted outside of numerical immigration limits; over 100K used this per year

latin america; asia

immigration mainly came from ___ ___ and ___, dramatically changing the US racial/ethnic composition

later years

attacks on the great society came in ___ ___

social engineering

conservatives said the billions spent for this had been “flushed down the waste pipe”

poverty rates

___ ___ declined measureable in the decade following the start of great society; it was less than 15% in 1975

head start

improved educational performance of underprivileged youth

infant mortality

___ ___ fell in minority communities as general health improved

vexation

the state of being annoyed, frustrated, or worried

Operation rolling thunder

LBJ’s order of retaliatory bombing raids on NV military installations, and for the first time US troops were ordered to land; response to VC attack on a US air base in Pleiku

184K

\# of US troops involved in Vietnam by the end of 1985

Reasons why the US seemed to be losing the Vietnam war

NV matched USA’s escalating firepower while SV became spectators in their own war; corrupt governments collapsed one after another in Saigon; US officials insisted on continuing the war

0\.5M; 30B

US officials convinced LBJ to commit ___ troops and annually $___ into Vietnam to no end

hostile

world opinion of America’s involvement in Vietnam grew increasingly ___

peace corps

critics were digusted by the image of a global superpower blasting an underdeveloped country; several nations expelled ___ ___ volunteers

NATO

charles de gaulle withdrew france from ___ (1966) & ordered all US troops out of country; LBJ responded by asking if that included the thousands buried at Normandy

six-day war

israel’s victory over soviet-backed egypt, jordan, & syria (6/1967) and expansion of territory, which brough 1M palestinians under their control

sinai; jerusalem

Israel gave ___ back after a treaty with Egypt but kepy Golan Heights, Gaza strip, and west bank, including ___

israelis; palestinians

6-day war markedly intensified problems of already-tense Middle East, leading to stubborn standoff between ___ and ___

teach-ins

antiwar demonstrations started with campus “___-___” (1965) and grew dramatically

Canada

thousands of draft registrants fled to ___; others publicly burned their draft cards, and marchers filled city streets in protest of the war

William Fulbright

head of Senate Committee on Foreign Relations ___ ___ staged TV hearings where popular figures voiced antiwar views

hawks

people who supported the Vietnam war effort and defended US actions as a test of commitment and reliability in communist resistance

doves

people who opposed the war

the credibility gap

gap of mistrust that opened between the US gov and the public; people felt they’d been deceived about the war’s causes and “winnability”, also caused more people to become “doves”

CIA’s involvement in the Vietnam war

LBJ ordered it to spy on domestic antiwar activists, violating its charter as a foreign intelligence agency

FBI involvement in the Vietnam war

This agency turned its counterintelligence against the peace movement; named “cointelpro”, it subverted leading doves with false accusations that they were communist

racial discrimination

one of America’s most persistent evils

voting

despite the civil rights act of 1964, a ___ problem remained.

5

_% of eligible Mississippi blacks were registered to vote; similar statistics were held in other Southern states

ballot denying devices

poll taxes, literacy tests, intimidation tactics

economic reprisal

Mississippi publiched black registrants’ names for 2 weeks in the news, guaranteeing ___ ___ or worse

black movement

in 1964, voting became the chief goal of the ___ ___

24th amendment

ratified Jan 1964; abolished poll taxes in federal elections and helped fight de jure segregation

freedom summer

blacks and whites joined in a massive yet unsuccessful voter-registration drive in Mississippi

punish

freedom summer resulted in 1K arrests, 80 beats, 35 shootings, and 30 bombings, but the state did not ___ the culprits

James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner

three people involved in freedom summer that had been killed

Fannie Lou Hamer

vice-chair of the Mississippi Freedom Democrat party, which was denied seats at the Democratic National Convention for being integrated; this person gave a fiery speech in response

Selma, AL

in 1965, MLK resumed voter registration in ___, __; half the city population was black but only 1% were registered

James Reeve and Detroit white woman

people killed for being part of MLK’s Selma voter registration campaign

voting rights act (1965)

landmark act signed by LBJ that outlawed literacy tests and sent federal voter registrars to states to protect black voters

bloody sunday

AKA confrontation at Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma (1965); bridge was named after a confederate general and the protest was led by John Lewis. Marchers were attacked by white state troopers and sheriff’s deputies

south-focused, integrationist, nonviolent

the voting rights act (1965) was the last major legislative victory of the ___-___, ___, ___ civil rights movement

watts riot

(1965) erupted in an LA ghetto 5 days after voting rights act was signed; started from two brothers being arrested for speeding and lasted 6 days, involving the national guard and resulting in millions in property damage and several dead

urban struggles; police brutality

the signing of the voting rights act signalled a shift in focus on Northern ___ ___ against discrimination and ___ ___

militancy, radicalism, separatism

the events occuring after the voting rights act heralded a shift to ___, ___, and ___

75

by 1968, a Harris poll noted that nearly __% of Americans disliked Dr. King

Chicago

MLK moved to ___ to call attention to AA housing conditions; he and the SCLC hoped to improve AA economic statueses in poor neighborhoods but were unsuccessful

white mobs; realtors, bankers, mayor

MLK and the SCLC’s attempts to improve AA economic and housing conditions in Chicago failed due to hostile ___ ___ and broken promises from ___, ___, and the ___