A+P: LAB UNIT 3

Fibrous Joint

Two bones held together by collagen fibers

Cartilaginous joint

Joint held together by hyaline cartilage/fibrocartilage

Rating of mobility in fibrous joints

Limited mobility

Rating of mobility in cartilaginous joints

Moderate mobility

Synovial join (diarthrosis)

Fluid filled joint cavity within a fibrous capsule

Rate of mobility in synovial joints

High mobility

What is the most superficial part of a synovial joint

The ligament

What is a ligament

Band of dense regular connective tissue that binds two bones together

What tissue is the band in a ligament made of

Dense regular connective tissue

What is deep to the ligament

Articular capsule (joint capsule)

Articular capsule (joint capsule)

Outer tough fibrous layer, inner delicate synovial membrane

Synovial membrane

Secretes lubricating synovial fluid

Function of synovial fluid

Fills joint cavity, helps articular cartilages to freely glide past each other

What kind of joint holds teeth into a jaw

Fibrous joint

Flexion

Decrease in joint angle

Extension

Increase in joint angle

Hyperextension

Extend joint beyond anatomical position

Abduction

Lifting appendage away from midline while in the frontal plane

Adduction

Moving appendage toward midline of body while in frontal plane

Medial rotation

End of appendage is rotated toward midline of body

Lateral rotation

End of appendage is rotated away from midline of body

Circumduction

Appendage is moved along a conical path

Supinate

Rotate the hand laterally, palm faces anteriorly

Pronate

Rotate the hand medially, palm faces posteriorly

Protract

Move joint anteriorly with no change in elevation

Retract

Move joint posteriorly with no change in elevation

Elevate

Move joint superiorly with no change in anterior/posterior orientation

Depress

Move joint inferiorly with no change in anterior/posterior orientation

Dorsiflex

Move feet, toes point superiorly

Plantarflex

Move feet, toes point toward ground

Inversion

Soles of feet face medially

Eversion

Soles of feet face laterally

Shoulder AKA

Glenohumeral joint

Shoulder (glenohumeral joint)

Ball-and-socket joint

Where is the shoulder (glenohumeral joint) formed by

Head of humerus, scapula, clavicle

Coracohumeral ligament connects:

Coracoid process and humerus

Coracoacromial ligament connects:

Coracoid process and acromion

Glenohumeral ligaments connect:

Glenoid cavity and humerus

Glenoid labrum

Wrapped around glenoid cavity

Function of glenoid labrum

Adds stability; Makes socket of ball-and-socket joint deeper

What is this

Coracohumeral ligament

What is this

Coracoacromial ligament

What is this

Glenohumeral ligaments

How many joints are in the elbow

Two

What joint in the upper limb has more degrees of freedom and more ligaments

The shoulder

Hip is AKA

Acetabular femoral joint

What is the hip formed by

Head of the femur and acetabulum of the coxal bone

iliofemoral ligament connects

Ilium to the femur

Ischiofemoral ligament connects:

Ischium to the femur

Pubofemoral ligament connects:

Pubis to the femur

Acetabular labrum

Band of cartilage wrapped around the acetabulum

Function of acetabular labrum

Adds stability by making socket of ball-and-socket joint deeper

Ligamentum teres is AKA

Round ligament

Ligamentum teres

Adds more stability; Anchors fovea capitis of the head of the femur to deepest part of acetabulum

What joint is the most complicated and has the most problems

The knee!

Where is the posterior cruciate ligament

Distal end; Posterior of tibia

Where is the anterior cruciate ligament

Distal end; Anterior of tibia

Medial collateral ligament is AKA

Tibial collateral ligament

Medial collateral ligament connects:

Femur to tibia (ON MENTAL SIDE OF KNEE)

Lateral collateral ligament is AKA

Fibular collateral ligament

Lateral collateral ligament

Connects femur to fibula on lateral side of knee

Patellar ligament connects:

Patella with tibial tuberosity

Menisci function

Cushions knee

Lateral meniscus

Between lateral condyles of femur and tibia

Medial meniscus

Between medial condyles of femur and tibia

Which ligament directly anchors the head of the radius to the distal end of the humerus in the elbow

Latera collateral ligament

What ligaments of the knee are perpendicular to each other

Posterior cruciate ligament and the anterior cruciate ligament

Which ligament directly anchors the humerus to the margins of the glenoid cavity

Glenohumeral ligaments

Which ligament directly anchors the head of the femur deep into the acetabulum

Ligamentum teres

If someone is cupping their hands together to hold multiple small rocks, how have they moved their hands

Supination

If someone is standing on their tippy toes, how are their moving their foot

Plantar flexion

If someone is standing up and squeezes their legs together, what movement are they doing with their legs

Adduction

If someone shrugs their shoulder, what movement did they do with their scapula

Elevate

If someone is using their hands to push as a car as hard as they can, what position will their hands most likely be in

Hyperextension

If someone brings their finger to the tip of their nose, what movement did they do at their elbow

Flexion

Sarcolemma

Muscle cell membrane

Myofibrils

Elongated structures in striated muscle cells

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Network of tubes surrounding a myofibril

Terminal cisterna of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Tubule that runs completely around each diameter of the sarcomere

T-Tubule

Third tube that runs around the perimeter of each myofibril

Where is the t-tubule located

Between two terminal cisterns

Triad

The segment where the terminal cisterns and t-tubule meet

Sarcomere

Short segment of a myofibril; Smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle

What is the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle

Sarcomere

Z-disc

Forms the connection between sarcomeres

M-line

Middle of sarcomere

Myofilaments

Protein filaments of myofibrils; Produce light and dark bands of tissue

Dark bands represent:

Where thick and thin filaments overlap

Light bands represent:

Where thick and thin filaments do not overlap

Mitochondria

Produces ATP

Where is the muscle fiber nucleus found

Between the sarcolemma and underlying structures

What is this highlighting

Muscle fiber/myocyte

What is this highlighting

Nuclei

What is this highlighting

Sarcomere

What is this highlighting

M-line

What is this highlighting

Sarcolemma

What is this highlighting

Mitochondria

What is this highlighting

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

What is this highlighting

Triad

What is this highlighting

T-tuble