Unit 3 - Developmental Psychology Terms

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Psychology

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80 Terms

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Critical Period (Theory)
The *Theory* that there is a certain *Window of Time* for development of certain things. Missing that window means *Missing Development Entirely*.
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Maturation
Development that simply *Unfolds Naturally* over time. Changes that you go through as you age.
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(Theory of) Continuity
The developmental *Theory* which proposes that development is *Continuous*, *Gradual*, and *Almost Imperceptible*.
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(Theory of) Discontinuity
The developmental *Theory* which proposes that development is *Stage-Like*, and changes are more *Drastic* and *Abrupt*.
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Zygotic (Stage)
The *First* stage of *Pregnancy* which spans *0 - 2 Weeks Old* and is characterized by *Massive Cell Division*.
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Embryonic (Stage)
The *Second* stage of *Pregnancy* which spans *Weeks 2 - 8* and is characterized by the start of *Cell Specialization* and *Organ Development*.
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Fetal (Stage)
The *Third* stage of *Pregnancy* which spans *Weeks 9 - Birth* and is characterized by the *Full Organ Development*
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Teratogen(s)
Any agent that can harm an embryo or fetus.
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
A phenomenon caused by consuming *Alcohol* while *Pregnant* which can cause *Intellectual Disability*, *Impulsivity*, and *Hyperactivity*.
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Rooting (Reflex)
when you touch an infant's cheek, he will turn his head toward whatever is touching the cheek
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Sucking (Reflex)
An *Innate Reflex* all babies are born with which causes them to *Suck* on *Everything*.
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Grasping (Reflex)
An *Innate Reflex* all babies are born with which causes them to *Grasp* at anything put in their *Palm*.
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Moro/Startle (Reflex)
An *Innate Reflex* all babies are born with which causes them to *Spread* their arms and digits out, then *Tuck* inward.
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Babinski (Reflex)
An *Innate Reflex* all babies are born with which causes them to *Cling* to things with their *Feet* as an evolutionary advantage.
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Stepping (Reflex)
An *Innate Reflex* all babies are born with which causes them to *Step/Walk* when *Suspended Upright* just over a *Surface*.
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Habituation
Infants as young as *1 Hour* seem to have some level of ___________________ in their brains as they will tend to stare at *Three Dots* in the pattern of a *Face* rather than three random dots.
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Imitation
The process by which babies tend to *Mimic* faces presented to them, possibly because of *Mirror Neurons*.
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Imprinting
The process of forming an *Immediate Attachment* to someone/something after *Birth*.
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(Harry) Harlow
The psychologist who coined the term *Contact Comfort* after testing whether a *Newborn Monkey*, separated from its mother, would prefer a *Cloth* Mannequin, or a *Wire* one with *Food*.
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Contact Comfort
The *Comfort* and *Newborns* feel after receiving *Physiologically Necessary Touch* from their mother.
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Cohort
A *Group of People* around the *Same Age* who have experienced most of the *Same Historical Changes*.
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Cohort Effect
When a *Disparity* between *Cohorts* arises as a result of the *Different Time Periods* in which they grew up.
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(Jean) Piaget
The psychologist who proposed that babies' minds were *Not* just *Miniature Adult Minds*, and instead *Reasoned Differently*. He proposed *4 Stages* of *Cognitive Development*.
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Sensorimotor (Stage)
The *1st* Stage in *Piaget's* Development Theory that spans *~0 - 2 Years Old* and is when the child *Explores* and *Learns* with their *Senses* and develops *Motor Abilities*. *Object Permanence* is also learned.
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Object Permanence
The understanding (usually learned between *4-8 Months Old*) that a *Previously Seen Object Continues to Exist* even when it can *No Longer* be *Observed*.
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Preoperational (Stage)
The *2nd* Stage in *Piaget's* Development Theory that spans *~2 - 7 Years Old* and is when the child begins to *Pretend Play* and develop more complex *Social Abilities*. They also gain *Symbolic Thinking*, *Animism*, *Egocentrism*, and *Theory of Mind*.
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Animism
The ability (gained in the *Preoperational Stage*) to apply *Feelings* or *Intentions* to *Inanimate Objects*.
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Egocentrism
The inability (in the *Preoperational Stage*) for children to take the perspective of another person.
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Theory of Mind
The ability (gained *~4 Yrs Old* in the *Preoperational Stage*) to *Empathize* and understand that others have their *Own Thoughts and Feelings*.
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Concrete Operational (Stage)
The *3rd* Stage in *Piaget's* Development Theory that spans *~7 - 11 Years Old* and is when the child becomes capable of *Logical Thinking* and understands *Conservation*.
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Conservation
The understanding that the *Amount* of something *Doesn't Necessarily Change* with changes in *Appearance* or *Arrangement*.
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Formal Operational (Stage)
The *4th* Stage in *Piaget's* Development Theory that spans *~12 Years Onward* and is when the child can think *Abstractly* and *Hypothetically*.
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(Lev) Vygotsky
The Russian theorist who argued that *Socialization* was more important than *Maturation* and that children need *Mentors* to develop and *Inner Speech*. Also proposed *Zone of Prox. Dev*.
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Zone (of) Proximal Development
The divide between what a child *Knows/Can Do Independently* and what they might have the *Potential To Do* given a supportive environment (Abbreviated *ZPD*).
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Sex
The term for whether somebody is *Biologically* Male/Female.
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Gender
*Culturally Acquired Behaviors* and *Attributes* associated with one's *Biological Sex*.
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Gender Identity
The *Sense* of being *Male* or *Female*.
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Gender Role(s)
The *Behaviors* considered *Appropriate* for Males and Females in a given *Social Setting*.
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Gender Typing
The process of *Acquiring* traditional *Roles* associated with the *Distinctions* between Males and Females in a *Culture*.
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Gender Schema(s)
Mental *Constructs* or *Generalizations* about which toys, activities, and jobs are *Most Associated* with Males and Females.
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Androgyny
The presence of *Both* Male and Female *Behaviors* or *Characteristics* in the *Same Person*.
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Stranger (Anxiety)
An *Anxiety* towards *Strangers* developed between *6-8 Months Old*.
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Separation (Anxiety)
*Anxiety* about being *Separated* from *Primary Caretakers* developed around *8 Months Old*.
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(Mary) Ainsworth
A psychologist who developed *Attachment Styles* after studying how children react to their mother *Returning* after leaving them.
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Secure (Attachment)
An *Attachment Style* where the child is *Comforted* by the mother and uses her as a *Secure Base* for *Exploration*.
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Avoidant (Attachment)
An *Attachment Style* where the child *Avoids Contact* and *Interaction* with the mother.
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Ambivalent (Attachment)
An *Attachment Style* where the child seems to *Want* the mother, but also *Pushes Her Away* because they are *Angry* (AKA *Resistant Attachment*).
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Disorganized (Attachment)
An *Attachment Style* where the child appears *Confused*, *Disoriented*, and even *Fearful* with the mother. This is correlated with *Abusive Home* environments.
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Positively
*Secure Attachment* is _______________(Positively/Negatively) *Correlated* with *Happier* and *Healthier* relationships later in life.
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Authoritarian
A *Parenting Style* that is *Strict* and has *Many Rules*.
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Authoritative
A *Parenting Style* that is *Warm*, *Responsive*, and *Involved*. There are clear *Behavior Standards* set, but the *Child's Demands* are *Taken Into Account*.
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Permissive
Parenting style consisting of very few rules and allowing children to make most decisions and control their own behavior.
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Authoritative
This *Parenting Style* is most correlated with *Positive Outcomes* for children
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Erik Erikson
A psychologist who proposed an *8 Stage Psychosocial Theory* with each containing a *Crisis* that the person must *Overcome* for *Healthy Development*.
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Trust vs Mistrust
The *1st* Stage in *Erikson's Psychosocial Theory* that spans *~0 - 18 Months Old* and is where the child learns what to *Trust* in their environment.
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Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
The *2nd* Stage in *Erikson's Psychosocial Theory* that spans *~18 Months - 3 Yrs* and is a period marked by *Dramatic* physical and cognitive *Gains* and where the child seeks a sense of *Internal Control* and *Independence*, but feels *Shame* at *Losses of Self Control*.
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Initiative vs Guilt
The *3rd* Stage in *Erikson's Psychosocial Theory* that spans *~3 - 6 Yrs Old* where *Self Esteem* emerges, *Self Concept* is developed, and the child can now *Set Goals* and *Work Towards Them*. They *Initiate* tasks, and feel *Guilt* (not shame) for *Failures*.
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Industry vs Inferiority
The *4th* Stage in *Erikson's Psychosocial Theory* that spans *~6 - 12 Yrs Old* where the child seeks to *Master Cognitive* and *Social Skills*. *Success* makes them feel *Industrious* and *Competent*, while *Failure* leads to feelings of *Inferiority* and *Inadequacy*.
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Identity vs Confusion
The *5th* Stage in *Erikson's Psychosocial Theory* that spans *Adolescence* where the teenager seeks to gain an understanding of *Who One Is* and *What Roles* one should play *As an Adult*.
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Intimacy vs Isolation
The *6th* Stage in *Erikson's Psychosocial Theory* that spans *Early Adulthood* and is where the Young Adult either successfully establishes *Strong Committed Relationships* or faces some *Isolation*.
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Generativity vs Stagnation
The *7th* Stage in *Erikson's Psychosocial Theory* that spans *Middle Adulthood* and is where Adults strive to be *Productive* and leave a *Lasting Legacy*. A *Failure* to be *Generative* could lead to feelings of *Emptiness* and *Purposelessness* and a hatred of younger generations.
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Integrity vs Despair
The *8th* Stage in *Erikson's Psychosocial Theory* that spans *Late Adulthood* where Older Adults either feel a sense of *Accomplished Pride* in their lives, or of *Missed Opportunities* and *Sadness*.
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Puberty
The point at which people are *Sexually Mature* and can *Reproduce*. Here they *Acquire Primary* and *Secondary* sex characteristics.
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Primary (Sex Characteristics)
*Sex Characteristics* that are *Directly Involved* with *Reproduction*.
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Secondary (Sex Characteristics)
*Sex Characteristics* that are *NOT Directly Involved* in *Reproduction*.
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Imaginary Audience (Belief)
The *Belief* that one is constantly being *Monitored*, watching for *Mistakes* and moments of *Embarassment*. It is especially common in *Adolescence*.
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Frontal (Lobes)
Of all the *Lobes*, the ______________ Lobes undergo the *Most Development* during *Adolescence*.
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Emerging Adulthood
An *Intermediate Stage* between *Adolescence* and *Adulthood* to account for the *Increase In Time* that kids *Stay With Their Parents* and *Before Marriage*.
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Social Clock
*Social Pressure* to do a certain *Task* at a certain *Age* because of *societal expectations*.
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Empty Nest Syndrome
The emotional distress *Parents* experience due to the *Last* of their *Children Leaving Home*.
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Grief Theory
A set of *Stages* developed by *Elisabeth Kubler-Ross* which covers the process of *Thinking About* and *Dealing With Death*.
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Bargaining
The *5 Stages* of *Grief Theory* are *Denial*, *Anger*, ___________________, *Depression*, and *Acceptance*.
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(The) Heinz Dilemma
A fictional story used by *Lawrence Kohlberg* to evaluate levels of *Moral Reasoning* in *Children* centered around *Stealing* a drug to *Save a Life*.
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(Lawrence) Kohlberg
The psychologist who used the *Heinz Dilemma* to devise a *Stage Theory* about the *Three Levels* of *Moral Reasoning*.
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Preconventional (Level)
The *Level* of *Moral Reasoning* in *Kohlberg's Theory* where the focus is *Reward* and *Punishment Responses* are *Self Interested*.
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Conventional (Level)
The *Level* of *Moral Reasoning* in *Kohlberg's Theory* where the focus is on *Social Conventions*. Responses center on what *Others* would *Think of Them* and rules *Everyone Agrees to Follow*.
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Postconventional (Level)
The *Level* of *Moral Reasoning* in *Kohlberg's Theory* that spans *~13 Yrs Old Onwards* (if ever) where moral decisions are based on *Personal* and *Internal Judgement* of what is *Right and Wrong*.
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(Carol) Gillian
The psychologist who *Challenged Kohlberg's Theory* arguing that male and females view moral dilemmas differently.
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Assimilation
The process of fitting new information to *Existing Schemas*.
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Accomodation
The process of significantly modifying or *Creating* a *New Schema* based on a new experience.