Finals - Axial Skeleton (Bones)

80 bones

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

Head, condyle, facet

List of articulating bone markings

Head

enlarged end

Condyle

smooth rounded articular surface

Facet

smooth flattened surface

Tuberosity, process, crest, tubercle, line

List of non-articulating bone markings

Tuberosity

knob/enlargement

Process

prominent rejection

Crest

prominent ridge

Tubercle

small rounded points

Foramen, fossa, meatus, fissure, sinus

List of depressions/openings bone markings

Foramen

opening/hole

Fossa

depression

Meatus

tunnel-like opening

Fissure

cleft

Sinus

cavity

22 bones

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

Calvarium/Cranium and Cranial Base

Two parts of skull

Braincase

other term for calvarium/cranium

Facial Bones

other term for cranial base

Sphenoid, Temporal, Ethmoid, Parietal, Occipital, Frontal

parts of calvarium

Frontal

Bone Forms the forehead, superior part of orbits, and most of the anterior cranial fossa; contains sinuses.

Squamous

forehead, the most anterior part of the frontal area

Glabella

the smooth part of the forehead above and between the eyebrows

Supraorbital foramen

passageway of supraorbital artery and nerves.

Supraorbital margin

thickened part which lies under the eyebrows. This is where the forehead ends.

Parietal Bone

Forms most of the superior and lateral aspects of the skull.

Sutures

interlocking joints of the skull / wormian bones

Coronal Suture

Connects parietal to frontal

Sagittal Suture

Connect parietal to parietal

Lambdoid Suture

Connects parietal to occipital

Squamosal Suture

Connects parietal to temporal

Temporal Bone

Form the inferolateral aspects of the skull and contribute to the middle cranial fossa. It is best viewed in a lateral position.

Zygomatic Process

a projection of the temporal bone that forms part of the zygoma.

Zygomatic Arch

when the zygomatic process of the temporal bone meets the zygomatic bone, it forms an arch.

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

condylar process of the mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa

External Auditory Meatus (EAM)

through which the sound enters the ear, thus enables sound waves to reach the eardrum.

Petrous

thickest and houses the middle and internal ear cavities

Middle cranial fossa

supports the temporal brain

Jugular Foramen

most lateral foramen, passageway of the jugular vein

Carotid canal

anterior to the jugular foramen. Transmits the internal carotid artery into the cranial cavity.

Foramen Lacerum

between petrous temporal and sphenoid. Most medial portion

Internal Acoustic Meatus

transmits cranial nerves.

Mastoid process

which acts as an anchoring site for some neck muscles. Can be felt as a lump just posterior to the ear.

Mastoid air cells

mastoid’s many air cavities

Styloid process

a needle-like process which is not just for neck attachment but also for tongue muscles.

Occipital Bone

Forms most of the skull’s posterior wall and base.

Posterior cranial fossa

supports the cerebellum

Foramen Magnum

largest foramen of the skull, spinal cord passes through.

Occipital condyles

located on each lateral side of the foramen magnum. This is where C1 articulates.

External occipital protuberance

Most bulging part of the posterior skull.

Sphenoid Bone

Bat-shaped; Keystone, because it acts as a central wedge that articulates with all other cranial bones.

Body

which forms the center of the sphenoid bone.

Hypophyseal fossa

houses the pituitary gland; houses the sella turcica

Lesser tubercle

medial process, horn-like

Greater tubercle

projects laterally

Pterygoid process

interior portion, which serves as an attachment for pterygoid muscles for chewing

Ethmoid Bone

Has complex shape like a sphenoid.; Helps to form the anterior cranial fossa; forms part of the nasal septum and the lateral walls and roof of the nasal cavity; contributes to the medial wall of the orbit.

Cribriform plate

helps form the root of the nasal cavities and floor of the anterior cranial fossa

Crista galli

the dura mater of the brain is attached to this structure, to help secure the brain in the cranial cavity

Perpendicular plate

inferior portion, which divides the nasal cavity from right to left.

Von Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh

List of cranial bones

Mandible and vomer

Unpaired facial bones

Mandible

Lower-jaw bone, forms the chin and anchors lower teeth; The largest and strongest bone of the face

Maxilla

Upper-jaw bone and parts of the hard palate, orbits and nasal cavity walls; Contains the largest paranasal sinus – maxillary sinus

Zygoma

Forms the cheeks and parts of the orbits.

Nasal

Forms the bridge of the nose

Lacrimal

Fingernail-shaped structure which forms part of the medial orbit wall

Palatine

Form the posterior part of the hard palate and a small part of nasal cavity and orbit walls.

The horizontal plates

joined at the median palatine suture, complete the posterior portion of the hard palate.

perpendicular plates

form part of the posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity and a small part of the orbits.

Vomer

The slender, plow-shaped, and midline bone lies in the nasal cavity, where it forms part of the nasal septum

Inferior Nasal Conchae

The hyoid bone is unique in that it is the only bone of the body that does not articulate directly with any other bone.

hyoid bone

is unique in that it is the only bone of the body that does not articulate directly with any other bone.

AUDITORY OSSICLES

Three bones in the middle ear that are among the smallest bones in the human body

Malleus

(Hammer)

Incus

(Anvil)

Stapes

(Stirrup); The smallest bone in the body

Backbone

other term for vertebral column

33 bones

how many backbones for (infant)

26 bones

how many backbones for (adult)

1 to 7 (regions)

Cervical regions

1 to 12 (regions)

Thoracic regions

1 to 5 (regions)

Lumbar regions

Sacral and coccyx

fused regions in backbone

Laminae

flattened plates that fuse in the median plane, complete the arch posteriorly.

Pedicles

short bony pillars projecting posteriorly from the vertebral body, form the sides of the arch.

Spinous process

a median posterior projection arising at the junction of the two laminae.

Transverse process

extends laterally from each side of the vertebral arch.

Superior and inferior articular facet

protrude superiorly and inferiorly respectively from the pedicle – lamina junction

C1

atlas

C2

Axis

Sacrum

Sometimes called the sacral vertebra or sacral spine; A large, flat triangular shaped bone nested between the hip bones and positioned below the last lumbar vertebra (L5)

Coccyx

Tailbone; Located below the sacrum

Vertebral column

Protects the vital organs in the thorax; Elements of the thoracic cage include the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, the ribs laterally, and the sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly.; Includes the sternum and the ribs

Sternum/Breastbone

Lies in the anterior midline of the thorax. Its superior portion is the manubrium and the inferior portion is the xiphoid process.

12 pairs 24 bones

How many pair of bones and list of bones in sternum?

7 pairs

How many pairs of true ribs

5 pairs

How many pair of false ribs

Floating ribs

last two ribs in false ribs