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Communication
the process of acting on information
Human Communication
the process of making sense out of the world and sharing that sense with others by creating meaning through verbal and nonverbal messages
Communication Models
Visual depictions or descriptions of the major elements included in the communication process
components of communication models
source
encoding
message
channel
receiver
decoding
frame of reference
feedback
noise
source
the originator of thought or emotion who puts it into a code that can be understood by a receiver
encoding
the processes of translating ideas, feelings and thoughts into a code
Decoding
the process of interpreting ideas, feelings, and thoughts that have been translated into code
message
written, spoken, and unspoken elements of communication to which people assign meaning
channel
pathway through which messages are sent
receiver
the person who receives a message and then interprets it
noise
Interference, either literal or psychological, that hinders the accurate encoding or decoding of a message.
feedback
the response to a message
five characteristics of communication
inescapable, irreversible, complicated, emphasizes content and relationships, governed by rules
five fundamental principles of communication
Be aware of your communication with yourself and others
Effectively use and interpret verbal messages
Effectively use and interpret nonverbal messages
Listen and respond thoughtfully to others
Appropriately adapt messages to others
interpersonal communication
communication between two people who attempt to mutually influence each other, usually for the purpose of managing relationships
impersonal communication
Communication that treats people as objects or that responds only to their roles rather than to who they are as unique people.
small group communication
The transactive process of creating meaning among three to about fifteen people who share a common purpose, feel a sense of belonging to the group, and exert influence on one another.
presentational communication
Communication that occurs when a speaker addresses a gathering of people to inform, persuade, or entertain them.
organizational communication
the study of human communication as it occurs within organizations
Health Communication
the study of communication that has an effect on human health
self-awareness
the ability to see and reflect upon one's own state of mind
self-concept
your interior identity or subjective description of who you think you are
self-esteem
Your assessment of your worth or value as reflected in your perception of such things as your skills, abilities, talents, and appearance.
gender
a cultural construction that includes one's biological sex, psychological and emotional characteristics, attitudes about the sexes, and sexual orientation
social comparisons
process of comparing oneself to others to measure one's worth
self-fulfilling prophecy
the notion that predictions about one's future are likely to come true because one believes that they will come true
Maslow's stages of becoming self-aware/competent
unconscious incompetence
conscious incompetence
conscious competence
unconscious competence
material self
The element of the self reflected in all the tangible things you own.
social self
Your concept of self as developed through your personal, social interactions with others.
spiritual self
your concept of self based on your beliefs and your sense of who you are in relationship to other forces in the universe; also includes your thoughts and introspections about your values and moral standards
Stages of the Perceptual Process
attention and selection, organization, interpretation, and retrieval
perception
the arousal of any of our senses
attention
the act of perceiving stimuli in your environment
selection
the act of choosing specific stimuli in your environment on which to focus
organization
converting information into convenient, understandable, and efficient patterns that allow us to make sense of what we have observed
interpretation
attaching meaning to what is attended to, selected, and organized
symbols
a word, sound, gesture, or visual image the represents a though, concept, object, or experience
meaning
a person's interpretation of a symbol
connotative meaning
the personal and subjective meaning of a word
dennotative meaning
the restrictive or literal meaning of a word
concrete meaning
meaning that refers to something that can be perceived with one of the senses
abstract meaning
meaning that refers to something that cannot be perceived or experienced with one of the senses
culture bound
The meaning of a word can change from culture to culture
context bound
the situation or context for communication aids people as they attach meanings to symbols
Bypassing
a communication problem that arises when the same words mean different things to different people
Polarization
The tendency to describe things in extremes, as though no middle ground existed.
trigger words
forms of language that arouse strong emotions in listeners
Allness
a word barrier created through the use of language that reflects unqualified, often untrue generalizations that deny individual differences or variations
power of words
Create and label experience.
Communicate feelings.
Affect thoughts and actions.
Shape and reflect culture.
Make and break relationships.
nonverbal communication
communication other than written or spoken language that creates meaning for someone
Nature of nonverbal communication
culture-bound
rule-governed
ambiguous
continuous
nonlinguistic
multi-channeled
perception checking
the skill of asking other observers or the person being observed whether your interpretation of his or her nonverbal behavior is accurate
Codes of nonverbal communication
-appearance
-body movement, gestures, and posture
-eye contact
-facial expressions
-touch
-voice
-physical environment, space, and territory
Kinesics
the study of human body movements, gestures, and posture
Paralanguage
nonverbal aspects of voice such as pitch, rate, volume, or use of silence
mehrabian three part framework
immediacy
arousal
dominance
immediacy
nonverbal behaviors that communicate feelings of liking, pleasure, and closeness
arousal
nonverbal behaviors that communicate feelings of interest and excitement
dominance
nonverbal behaviors that communicate power, status, and control
audience-centered public speaking model
Select and narrow topic
Determine purpose
Develop central idea
Generate main ideas
Gather supporting material
Organize speech
Rehearse speech
Deliver speech
techniques for overcoming anxiety
Know how to develop a speech
Be prepared
Positive Self talk
Breathing techniques
focus on your audience
focus on your message
Habituation
explore additional resources
general purpose
the broad reason for a speech: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain an audience
specific purpose
a concise statement of what listeners should be able to do by the time the speaker finishes the speech
central idea
a statement that makes a definitive point about your topic
oral citation
the oral presentation of such information about a source as the author, title, and publication date
illustration
a story or anecdote that provides an example of an idea, issue, or problem the speaker is discussing
descriptions
a word picture
explanations
a statement that makes clear how something is done or why it exists in its present or past form
definition
a statement of what something means
analogy
a comparison between two ideas, things, or situations that demonstrate how something unfamiliar is similar to something the audience already understands
statistics
numerical data that summarize examples
opinions
testimonies
topical organization
organization determined by personal preference, recency, primacy, or complexity
chronological organization
organization by time or sequence
spatial organization
organization according to location, position, or direction
cause and effect organization
organization by discussing a situation and its causes, or a situation and its effects
problem and solution organization
organization by discussing first a problem and then various solutions
Specificity
organization from specific information to a more general statement or from a general statement to specific information
soft to hard evidence
from hypothetical illustrations and opinions to facts and statistics
verbal transition
a word or phrase that indicates the relationship between two ideas
nonverbal transition
a facial expression, vocal cue, or physical movement that indicates that a speaker is moving from one idea to the next
Introduction
opening lines of a speech, which must catch the audience's attention, introduce the topic, give the audience a reason to listen, establish the speaker's credibility, state the central idea, and preview the main ideas
conclusion
closing lines of a speech, which must summarize, reemphasize, motivate the audience to respond, and provide closure
preparation outline
a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech
speaking notes
include supporting material, signposts, and delivery cues
manuscript speaking
reading a presentation from a written text
memorized speaking
delivering a speech word for word from memory without using notes
impromptu speaking
delivering a presentation without advance preparation
extemperaneous speaking
delivering a well-developed, well-organized, carefully rehearsed speech without having memorized exact wording
vivid word
a colorful word
simple word
a word known to most people who speak the language
concrete word
a word that appeals to the senses
correct word
a word that means what the speaker intends and is grammatically correct in the phrase or sentence in which it appears
unbiased word
a word that does not stereotype, discriminate against, or insult either gender or any racial, cultural, or religious group
metaphor
an implied comparison between two unlike things
simile
an overt comparison between two things that use the word like or dislike
Personification
the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.
drama
a characteristic of a speech created when something is phrased in a way that differs from the way the audience expects
Parrallelism
using the same grammatical structure for two or more clauses or sentences
Antithesis
using a two part parallel structure in which the second part contrasts in meaning with the first
Note 
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