Genetics

Base mismatch is due to:

incorrect pairing of bases

Base mismatches take place:

during DNA replication

Tobacco smoke can cause:

Chemical changes to nucleotides

For homologous recombination to occur:

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Cell needs a similar copy of damaged DNA

Which DNA repair pathway deals with DNA damage that causes distortion of double-stranded helix?

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Nucleotide excision repair

**Name the father of genetics and the person who is famous for studying evolutionary traits**

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Genetics- Gregor Mendel

Evolution- Charles Darwin

**What are the four bases for DNA?**

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**adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine**

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**What are the two hardy weinberg equations**

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P+q = 1

P2 + 2Pq +q2= 1.0

**What is a chromosome and how many do we have**

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**Wrapped up DNA and 23 pairs (46)**

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**Name a well-known type of genome editing**

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Crispr-Cas9

**Name all the steps of mitosis in order**

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IPMAT

**What are two ways RNA differs from DNA**

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**Rna is single stranded, uracil instead of thymine**

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**What are the three stop codons and the start codon**

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start: AUG

stop:UAG, UAA, UGA

**What are the steps of genetic editing in order**

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==**Cut**== **dna,** ==**paste**== **into plasmid,** ==**insert**== **plasmid into bacteria producing protein**

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What is an allele

different forms of a gene which produce variations in a genetically inherited trait (the letters)

How is an allele different to a genotype

An allele is a part of a genotype, not the whole ex: ==B==b

How is an allele different to a phenotype

a phenotype is a physical trait

what are the base pairs for DNA

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C).

How do the DNA pairs match up?

Adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) always pairs with cytosine (C).

What are the RNA base pairs

adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U).

How do the RNA pairs match up

. Adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U) and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C) in RNA.

What is Transcription

Transcription copies the DNA into RNA

what is replication

Replication makes another copy of DNA

what is translation

where protein is made from RNA

Why are codons important?

They make protein

What is the law of independent assortment?

The gene pairs separate during formation of egg or sperm cells.

What does P1 mean

The original parents

What does F1 mean?

the offspring of parent plants

What does F2 mean?

the offspring of F1

what does purebred mean?

an animal bred from parents of the same breed

What is gene therapy

Gene therapy uses genes to treat or prevent disease.

What is GMO

Inserting foreign DNA to benefit humans

What is Crisper Cas9

a genome editing unique technology, or editing parts of a genome

what happens in interphase?

cell grows and copies DNA

explain prophase

chromatid condenses into chromosomes.

Explain metaphase

chromosomes line up at the center.

explain anaphase

chromatids break apart and move to opposite poles.

explain Telophase

spindle dissolves nuclear envelopes both cells.

Cytokinesis

Fully separate, “daughter cells”

What is the phenotypic ratio?

9:3:3:1