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Base mismatch is due to:
incorrect pairing of bases
Base mismatches take place:
during DNA replication
Tobacco smoke can cause:
Chemical changes to nucleotides
For homologous recombination to occur:
Cell needs a similar copy of damaged DNA
Which DNA repair pathway deals with DNA damage that causes distortion of double-stranded helix?
Nucleotide excision repair
Name the father of genetics and the person who is famous for studying evolutionary traits
Genetics- Gregor Mendel
Evolution- Charles Darwin
What are the four bases for DNA?
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
What are the two hardy weinberg equations
P+q = 1
P2 + 2Pq +q2= 1.0
What is a chromosome and how many do we have
Wrapped up DNA and 23 pairs (46)
Name a well-known type of genome editing
Crispr-Cas9
Name all the steps of mitosis in order
IPMAT
What are two ways RNA differs from DNA
Rna is single stranded, uracil instead of thymine
What are the three stop codons and the start codon
start: AUG
stop:UAG, UAA, UGA
What are the steps of genetic editing in order
Cut dna, paste into plasmid, insert plasmid into bacteria producing protein
What is an allele
different forms of a gene which produce variations in a genetically inherited trait (the letters)
How is an allele different to a genotype
An allele is a part of a genotype, not the whole ex: Bb
How is an allele different to a phenotype
a phenotype is a physical trait
what are the base pairs for DNA
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C).
How do the DNA pairs match up?
Adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) always pairs with cytosine (C).
What are the RNA base pairs
adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U).
How do the RNA pairs match up
. Adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U) and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C) in RNA.
What is Transcription
Transcription copies the DNA into RNA
what is replication
Replication makes another copy of DNA
what is translation
where protein is made from RNA
Why are codons important?
They make protein
What is the law of independent assortment?
The gene pairs separate during formation of egg or sperm cells.
What does P1 mean
The original parents
What does F1 mean?
the offspring of parent plants
What does F2 mean?
the offspring of F1
what does purebred mean?
an animal bred from parents of the same breed
What is gene therapy
Gene therapy uses genes to treat or prevent disease.
What is GMO
Inserting foreign DNA to benefit humans
What is Crisper Cas9
a genome editing unique technology, or editing parts of a genome
what happens in interphase?
cell grows and copies DNA
explain prophase
chromatid condenses into chromosomes.
Explain metaphase
chromosomes line up at the center.
explain anaphase
chromatids break apart and move to opposite poles.
explain Telophase
spindle dissolves nuclear envelopes both cells.
Cytokinesis
Fully separate, “daughter cells”
What is the phenotypic ratio?
9:3:3:1
Note 
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