DNA nucleotides and DNA replication

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7 Terms

1
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Differences and similarities in prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA

  • prokaryotic DNA is circular but eukaryotic DNA is linear

  • Prokaryotic DNA has no non-coding DNA

  • Both are double stranded

  • Eukaryotic DNA is membrane bound while prokaryotic is found in plasmids

2
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Function of RNA

  • copy and transfers genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes

  • Some RNA combines with protein to form ribosomes

3
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Hows a polynucleotide made

  • Polymer of nucleotides is a polynucleotides

  • created via condensation reaction between deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group, creating a phosphodiester bond

  • These are strong covalent bonds (between sugar and phosphate groups) and therefore ensure that the genetic code is not broken down

4
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Whats the structure of a DNA molecule

  • DNA molecule is a double helix with 2 polynucleotide chains held by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs

  • Complementary base pairing helps maintain order of the genetic code when DNA replicates

  • Has a sugar phosphate backbone and has 2 bonds between A and T, but three (hydrogen) bonds between G and C

5
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How does the structure of DNA relate to it function

  • complimentary base parings allows identical copies to be made

  • Weak hydrogen bonds for easy unzipping of the two strands in a double helix

  • Stable structure due to double helix and sugar phosphate backbone

  • Double stranded so replication can occur using one strand as a template

  • Large molecule to carry lots of information

6
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Whats DNA replication for

  • DNA replication is semi-conservative

  • Used for cell division before mitosis/meiosis all DNA must replicate to provide a copy for the new cell

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Steps of DNA replication

  • DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs in the polynucleotide strands

  • Causes DNA to unwind

  • Free floating DNA nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on template strands and base pairings

  • The adjacent nucleotides are joined (forms phosphodiester bonds) by condensation reaction

  • DNA polymerase joins the nucleotides