OVERALL ISSUES AND DEBATES

___: Simple interactions, constituent parts, biological and environmental

Reductionism

___: Complex interactions, characteristics exclusive to the whole

Holism

___: Can choose, in control, factors within control, responsible

Freewill

___: Cannot choose, no control, factors outside control, not responsible

Determinism

___: Inherited, Genetic, unaffected by experience, before birth

Nature

___: Learned, upbringing, experience, after birth

Nurture

___: Internal, consistent traits and characteristics

Individual disposition

___: External, current circumstance and environment

Situation

__ Strengths:

1. Easier to control, establish cause and effect

2. Easier to find objective evidence

Reductionism

__ Weaknesses:

1. Not appropriate for humans

2. Lacks face validity

3. Problem of infinite regress

Reductionism

__ Strengths:

1. More face validity

2. No problem of infinite regress

3. Appropriate for humans

Holism

__ Weaknesses:

1. Harder to find objective evidence

2. Harder to establish cause an effect

Holism

__ Strengths:

1. Recognises differences in free will

2. Motivates individuals to change

Freewill

__ Weaknesses:

1. Harder to establish cause and effect

2. Implies blame

Freewill

__ Strengths:

1. Can establish cause and effect

2. Individuals aren’t blamed

3. Practical application

Determinism

__ Weaknesses:

1. Ignores differences in freewill

2. Excuses not to change

Determinism

__ Strengths:

1. Practical: plan interventions

2. Individuals aren’t to blame for there inherited characteristics

Nature

__ Weaknesses:

1. No motivation to improve

2. Likely to be interaction

3. Harder to change nature

Nature

__ Strengths:

1. Practical: plan how to raise

2. Individuals aren’t blamed

3. Easier to change nurture

__ Weaknesses:

1. No motivation to improve

2. Likely to be interaction

Nurture

__ Strengths:

1. In line with societies view of behaviour

2. Practical: Predict/manage behaviour

Individual disposition

__ Weaknesses:

1. Harder to manipulate and study individual disposition

2. Ignores differences in free will

Individual disposition

__ Strengths:

1. Easier to manipulate situation

2. Practical: Manipulate and influence behaviour

Situation

__ Weaknesses:

1. Less in line with societies views

2. Ignores differences in free will

Situation

SCIENCE: __: variable influences another

Cause and effect

SCIENCE: __: repeating consistently same result

Replicable

SCIENCE: __: predicting testable relationships

Hypothesis testing

SCIENCE: __: Intervening and changing

Manipulation of variables

SCIENCE: __: Extraneous variables same

Control and standardisation

SCIENCE: __: Numerical data

Quantifiable measurements

SCIENCE: __: Potentially refuted by evidence

Falsifiable

SCIENCE: __: Supporting general theory with specific evidence

Induction

SCIENCE: __: predicting specific evidence from general theory

Deduction

SCIENCE: __: Factual, no opinion or interpretation

Objective

USEFULNESS: __: measuring intended, generalisable

Validity

USEFULNESS: __: improve pro social, functional, healthy

Practical application

USEFULNESS: __: Change over time, development

Longitudinal vs snapshot

USEFULNESS: __: discover correct position, unlikely to concede

Supports debate vs unsolvable debate

SOCIALLY SENSITIVE: __: implications law policy, public mistrust

Political consequences

SOCIALLY SENSITIVE: __: Funding suspicion, anger institutions

Institutional context

SOCIALLY SENSITIVE: __: Groups individuals negative perception

Stigma

ETHNOCENTRISM: __: assumptions other populations are the same

Cultural location

ETHNOCENTRISM: __: Assuming physical props similar

Materials

ETHNOCENTRISM: __: Assume manifest same

Operationalisationc of constructs

BIAS: __: beliefs and opinions affect results

Researcher bias

BIAS: __: Interpretations affect counting and describing

Observer bias

BIAS: __: Assuming culture

Ethnocentric bias

BIAS: __: characteristics more likely selected

Sampling bias

BIAS: __: over representative one ethnicity

Culture bias

BIAS: __: Over represented one gender

Gender bias

__ Strengths:

1. Lacks bias

2. More valid/reliable

3. Practical cause and effect

Science

__ Weaknesses:

1. Reductionism weakness

2. Unrealistic environments

Science

__ Strengths:

1. More participants

2. Funding

3. Replication

Usefulness

__ Strengths:

1. Solve debates

2. Practical benefits

3. Greater good

Socially sensitive

__ Weaknesses:

1. Less participants

2. Funding

3. Replication

Socially sensitive

__ Weakness:

1. Lower validity

Ethnocentrism

__ discussions:

1. Diverse researchers

2. Objectivity

3. Cultural relativism

4. Understand: avoid, improve society

Ethnocentrism

__ Weaknesses:

1. Lower population validity

2. Less useful

3. Ethnocentrism

4. Less scientific induction

Bias

__ Why:

1. Target population

2. Ethical study

3. Practicality

4. Study humans

5. Human error

Bias