CHAPTER 2: ENERGY/ATOMS
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Last updated 6:29 AM on 5/11/25
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47 Terms
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matter
has mass and occupies space. solid, liquid and gas
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mass
means weight
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element
every single one has atomic number, element symbol, and atomic mass number
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major elements
collectively compose almost 99% of body weight
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what are the major elements
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus
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minor elements
collectively compose less than 1% of body weight
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what are the minor elements
sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium and iron
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subatomic particles
neutrons, protons and electrons
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neutrons
no charge, weigh one atomic mass unit
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protons
positive charge, weigh one atomic mass unit
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electrons
negative charge, almost no weight
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atomic number
number of protons in an element, same as proton number
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atomic mass
weight of both protons and neutrons
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nucleus
in the middle, containing neutrons and protons
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energy shell
where electrons are located and each shell has a set number
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innermost shell
holds 2 electrons max
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second shell
holds 8 electrons max
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isotopes
different atoms of the same element, same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons
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radioisotopes
contains excess neutrons and becomes unstable
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half life
what it takes to get rid of half the amount
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biological half life
the time it takes for half of the radioactive material from a test to get out of our body
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valence electrons
electrons based on group number from periodic table
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octet rule
desire for elements to want 8 electrons
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chemical compound
combine 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
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cations
ions with a positive charge, lose electrons
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anions
ions with a negative charge, gain electrons
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ionic bonds
cations and anions bounded by electrostatic forces
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covalent bonded molecule
electrons shared between atoms of 2 or more different elements
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isomers
same number and type of elements but arranged differently in space
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hydrogen
1 electron & bond
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oxygen
2 electrons & bonds
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nitrogen
3 electrons & bonds
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carbon
4 electrons & bonds
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electronegativity
relative attraction of each atom for electrons
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nonpolar covalent bond
two atoms of the same element have equal attraction for electrons
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polar covalent bond
sharing of electrons unequally
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greatest to least electronegativity
oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen (ONCH)
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amphipathic molecules
big molecules with both polar and nonpolar regions, one polar and one nonpolar head
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intermolecular attraction
weak chemical attractions between molecules
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hydrogen bond
attraction between partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative atom
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example of hydrogen bond
positive hydrogen bonding with negative oxygen
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Note 
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