SAFMED period 4

thomas jefferson

thomas jefferson

He drafted the Declaration of Independence.

louisiana purchase

Doubled the size of the U.S. and allowed for more westward expansion.

aaron burr

He killed Alexander Hamilton and later on, formed a conspiracy to take Mexico from Spain and reunite it with Louisiana under his rule. However, Jefferson found out and ordered his arrest and trial for treason.

lewis and clark

They mapped uncharted lands, rivers, and mountains. They brought back many benefits including greater geographic and scientific knowledge of the region, stronger U.S. claims to the Oregon Territory, better relations with American Indians, and more accurate maps and land routes for fur trappers and future settlers.

john marshall

He established the power and prestige of the judiciary department, so that it could claim equal status with Congress and the Executive in a balanced government of separated powers.

judicial review

It established that The Supreme Court could now overrule actions of the other two branches of the federal government.

McCulloch v Maryland

The Court established that Congress had implied constitutional power to create a national bank and that individual states could not tax a federally chartered bank.

Gibbons v Ogden

Established the federal government’s broad control of interstate commerce.

era of good feelings

It reflected rising nationalism after the War of 1812. It also saw the end of the Federalist party.

james monroe

He acquired Florida, agreed on the Mississippi Compromise, and adopted the Monroe Doctrine which warned European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs.

sectionalism

It fueled conflict between different regions of a country through culture, religious, economic, and political divisions.

tariff of 1816

Congress raised tariffs for the express purpose of protecting U.S. manufacturers from competition rather than to simply raise revenue. This was the first protective tariff in U.S. history.

Henry Clay

Proposed a comprehensive method for advancing the nation’s economic growth. His plan was called the American System.

American System

Protective tariffs would promote American manufacturing and also raise revenue with which to build a national transportation system of federally constructed roads and canals. A national bank would keep the system running smoothly by providing a national currency. The tariffs would chiefly benefit the East, internal improvements would promote growth in the West and the South, and the bank would aid the economies of all sections.

second bank of the US

Gave the country a more stable currency.

panic of 1819

Many state banks closed, and unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt increased sharply. The depression hit the West the hardest. Nationalistic beliefs were shaken. In the West, the economic crisis changed many voters' political outlook.

tallmadge amendment

Would have led to the gradual elimination of slavery in Missouri.

Missouri Compromise 1820

Preserved sectional balance for more than 30 years and provided time for the nation to mature.

war hawks

Known for their eagerness for war with Britain, they quickly gained significant influence in the House of Representatives. Argued that war with Britain would be the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier.

John C Calhoun

Championed states’ rights after 1828.

Hartford Convention 1814

Drafted constitutional amendments strengthening state controls over commerce and militias.

Tecumseh

Attempted to unite all of the tribes east of the Mississippi River.

Prophet

Worked to create a pan-tribal confederacy to resist U.S. encroachment in the Northwest Territory.

William Henry Harrison

Destroyed the Shawnee headquarters, which ended Tecumseh’s efforts to form an Indian confederacy.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Ended Tecumseh’s efforts to form an Indian confederacy. The British had provided only a little aid to Tecumseh. Nevertheless, Americans on the frontier blamed the British for instigating the rebellion.

barbary pirates

To protect U.S. merchant ships from being seized by Barbary pirates, Presidents Washington and Adams had reluctantly agreed to pay tribute to the Barbary governments. The ruler of Tripoli demanded a higher sum in tribute from Jefferson. Refusing to pay, Jefferson sent a small fleet of the U.S. Navy to the Mediterranean. Although the American navy did not achieve a decisive victory, it did gain some respect and offered a measure of protection to U.S. vessels trading in Mediterranean waters.

impressment

Impressment created tension between Britain and America, becoming one of the causes of the War of 1812.

Chesapeake-leopard affair

The death of three Americans and impressment of four others caused many Ameircans to demand war.

Embargo act 1807

The act brought economic hardship to America. It caused a movement in the New England states to leave the Union.

James Madison

Madison passed the Nonintercourse Act of 1809, allowing Americans to trade with all nations except Britain and France.

nonintercourse act

Helped the economic problems caused by the Embargo Act while also maintaining America’s neutrality.

War of 1812

Because of the War of 1812 America gained respect from other nations.

Native Americans were forced to surrender land to white settlers.

Nationalism became stronger.

Battle of Lake Erie

Its victory led the way for General William Henry Harrison’s victory at the Battle of Thames.

Oliver Hazard Perry

Led to victory at the Battle of Lake Erie and declared victory by saying, “We have met the enemy and they are ours.”

Battle of Thames

Led to the death of Tecumseh. American forces under General William Henry Harrison defeated British forces.

Battle of Lake Champlain

Ships under Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet. This led British forces to retreat from their attempt to invade New York and New England.

Andrew Jackson

He led the forces in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.

Passed the Indian Removal Act, leading to the Trail of Tears.

Under Andrew Jackson there was a two-party-system of the Democrats (Jackson) and Whigs (Clay).

Jackson withdrew all federal funds, transferring them to various state banks. Critics called these “pet banks”

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Forces under Andrew Jackson ended the power of the Creek nation. This opened new land to White settlers.

Creek Nation

They were eliminated by Jackson during the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.

Battle of New Orleans

It was fought two weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was signed but the militaries did not know. It forced the British to recognize America’s determination for land.

Treaty of Ghent 1814

It restored the Canadian/American border and gave America the title as foreign power

Florida Purchase Treaty

It expanded American territory and strengthened America's new title.

Monroe Doctrine

It provided support for future expansion in America

Erie Canal

The success of the Erie Canal initiated the growth of them throughout America which strengthened economic ties between the two sections

Robert Fulton

It helped the expansion of cheap and fast transportation in America

Eli Whitney

The invention of interchangeable parts which increased efficiency of making guns and other items

lowell system

It increased efficiency and made profits differently from other manufacturing methods

cotton gin

The cotton gin helped connect the south with a global economy

market revolution

This expanded the growth of cities, industrialization, and the development of modern capitalism

industrial revolution

It eventually led to men leaving their home plantation and going to work in factories leading to most women going back home to their families

commonwealth v hunt

this led to labor unions being legalized as long as they were organized for legal purposes

spoils system

Allowed political influencers to receive powerful positions regardless of experience

Indian Removal Act 1830

Opened up lots of fertile land to Americans expanding agriculture

Cherokee Nation v GA

This was important because it ruled that the natives were part of the US and had the right to sue people which means that they were basically citizens which made the trail of tears even worse.

Trail of Tears

This was significant because this was another way for the government to oppress a group of minorities

Bank of the US

This was important because it received federal deposits and was a cushion for the economy.

pet banks

They were important because it was the start of state banks.

Panic of 1837

It was caused by many banks closing and Jackson was against the rechartering of the national bank which caused people to panic

Henry Clay

He was one of the first candidates in the 2 party system on the whig side, opposing Andrew Jackson

“co

Tarrif of 1828/ tariff of abominations

It decided that states couldn't increase tariffs

Revolution of 1828

This was important because it started the way that campaigning is done today and it painted Jackson as a war hero.

nullification criss

webster - hayne debate

Hayne argued for states rights,and Webster opposed the idea that states could go against or leave the union.

Proclamatio

democrats

Opposed national bank, protective tariffs, federal spending on international improvements, concerned about high land prices in the west, and about business monopolies

whigs

shakers

Held property in common and kept women and men strictly separate

Amana colonies

Emphasized simple, communal living, but allowed marriage.

Robert Owen

New Harmony

Used to provide an answer to the problems of inequity and alienation caused by Industrial Revolution

John Henry Noyes

Focused on the concept of perfection and life free from sin.

Oneida Community

Members shared property and, later, marriage partners. For the dedication of perfect social and economic equality.

antebellum

A diverse mix of reformers dedicated themselves to establishing free public schools, improving treatment for mental illness, controlling/ending sale of alcohol, winning equal rights for women, and abolishing slavery.

Romanticism

Expressed in the United States by the transcendentalists, to give Americans a more connected feeling to writing.

transcendentalism

Emphasizing the importance of intuition and spiritual connection to the “divine”

Ralph Waldo Emerson

His essays and lectures expressed the individualistic and nationalistic sport of Americans

Henry David Thoreau

Conducted a two year experiment of living in a cabin in the woods using observations of nature to search for essential truths about life and the universe.

Margaret Fuller

Helped create Brook Farm, which was remembered for its atmosphere of artistic creativity, innovative schools, and its appeal to New England's intellectual elite and their children.

Washington Irving

Helped create a literature that was both Romantic and yet distinctly American.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Went to Brook Farm, a communal experiment to achieve a joining between intellectual and manual labor. He was a highly influential writer in American literature.

Second Great Awakening

This caused divisions between the newer evangelical sects and the older protestant churches throughout the country. It also set off several social reform movements like reducing drinking, ending slavery, and providing better treatment for the mentally ill.

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

traced a connection between American Indians and the lost tribes of Israel

Joseph Smith

He based his beliefs of the Mormon that traced a connection between american indians and the lost tribes of Israel. He and his followers moved after facing persecution to Ohio, Missouri and then Illinois where he was murdered by a local mob

Brigham Young

He migrated the followers to the western frontier, they settled on the great salt lakes in Ohio

New Zion

There cooperative social organization helped them prosper, but they faced a strong opposition because they believed in polygamy which was later abandoned

American Temperance Society

This society tried to get alcoholics to make a pledge of total abstinence. In 1840 recovering alcoholics created a group called the Washingtonians thats argued alcoholism is a disease

Women’s Christian Temperance Union

From the help of Frances E willard it had 500,000 members by 1894

Dorothea DIx

She launched a nationwide publicizing of the horrid treatment she witnessed. After this one by one states built new mental hospitals or improved existing institutions which improved the treatment for mental health patients

Asylum movement

This had a big part to prisons because they would put prisoners in solitary confinement to reflect on their sins and repent which lead to high suicide rate for prisoners

Aurburn system

This system provided moral instruction and work programs to many reaching even to the mentally ill

Horace Mann

In the 1840s, the movement for public schools boomed all over the country and public school popped up everywhere

Seneca Falls Convention

The conclusion of this convention, the first woman's rights convention in American history, issued a document closely modeling the declaration of independence. They created the “Declaration of settlements” that declared all men and women are created equal and listed women's grievances against American law and customs that discriminate against them. This was followed by Elizabeth Cady and Susan B Anthony who led the campaign for equal rights.

Susan B Anthony

Played a large role in the women’s suffrage movement and is seen as one of leaders of the movement along with Elizabeth Cady Station. Started a campaign for equal voting, legal, and property rights for women.

William Lloyd Garrison

Wrote an anti-slavery newspaper called “The Liberator”. Also founded an incredibly successful anti-slavery society.

Frederick Douglas

Originally inspired by Garrison, Frederick Douglass started an anit-slavery journal called “The North Star”. He and along with other abolitionists assisted slaves on their escape.

Harriet Tubman

Played a pivotal role during the time of the Underground Railroad and was known as a conductor. Led upwards of 70 people to freedom and also played a role in women's rights.

Sojourner Truth

Spoke up against racial injustices. Organized plans to assist fugitive slaves.

Nat Turner

As a result of the rebellion, whites brutally murdered hundreds of african americans, ending the revolt.

cult of domesticity

Formed the gender roles at the time. Promoted the idea of women staying home and caring for children as well as the house.