chaoter 23: structure & function of the cardiovascular system anf lymphid

caridovascular system

includes the heart veins and capillaries

circulates blood through the body

lymphoid system

plasmaleaves blood capilaries to become interstial fluid

• transport interstial fluid to the lymph nodes and vessels

lymphangitis

the inflammation in lymphatic system

• red streak following the lymphatic system

  • node willl be tight

septicemia

acute illness due to the presence of pathogens and their toxins in the blood

sepsis

uncontrollable blood pressure, usually due to an inflammatory response that is elicited against the present health effect

• systemic inflammatory responses syndrome ( SIRs)

septicemia leads to

sepsis

septic shock

because of uncontrollable blood pressure, they don’t receive the necessary amount of blood for oxygen,

endocarditis

inflammation of the endocardium ( staphylococcus )

pericarditits

inflammation of the cardium ( sac around the heart)

caused by : streptococcus

myocarditis

inflammation of the heart

grame negative sepsis

toxic shock ( endotoxic sometime exotoxin ) the most common

• klebstella spp ( can cause pneumonia)

• e.coli- urinary tract infection

• pseudomoa eraginosa- wound on the skin ( also lungs)

  • antibotics can worsent the condition

• hospital gained

Gramm- positive sepsis

only exotoxins

caused by: enterococcus faecium and enterococcus

• streptococcus agalctiae ( common in new borne due to lack of microbiota

  • hospital gained

puerperal sepsis ( puerperal fever )

type : gram positive

cause by : streptococcus pyogenes

why we have handwashing

• M-protein - attachment & evading phagocytosis ( molecular mimicry)

• capsule

  • SPE ( streptococcal hypogenic exotions )

    p

rheumatic fever

autoimmune complication from untreated streptococcus

• antibody cross reaction

• causes arthritis and day twitching

• looks like camel bumps on the elbow

tularemia

type: gram negative, somaotic pathgien

caused by : Francisella tularensis

• vector : deer fly ( zoonotic disease )

• creates ulcer at sign of the bite

• infects macrophages ( inhibits the reproduction of phagocytes )

• easily treatable

brucellosis ( undulant fever)

type: aerobic gram-negative cocci bacilli

zoonotic - common in cattle, caused death vaccinations are needed

• pasteurization

• protein( BTpL) inhibits the maturation of dendritic cells compromising active immunity

• also inhibits prime inflammatory response relations to prevent cytokines from being released

  • if untreated a cycles of going away and coming back ( chronic)

Anthrax

associated with cows

type: gram positive, endospore forming aerobic rod

caused by: bacillus anthracic

• need some lesion or digestion

• found commonly on hide or fur

  • difference in enter difference in anthrax

  • necrotic lesions ( black spots )

contnuous anthrax

from lesions of the skin ( low number most common)

intestinal anthrax

ingest the bacteria ( high concentration needed)

what are the three virulence factors for anthrax

• lethal toxin

• edema toxin

• protective antigen

lethal toxin

targets and kills macrophages

edema toxin

associated with inflammatory response, cause local swelling and interferes with phagocytosis

Amino acid capsule

defining feature of Anthrax

avoid immune response

protective antigen

binds the toxin to target cell, permitting their entry

Gangrene ( gas gangrene)

Caused by : colostridum prefringes

type: gram positive, endospore forming

• two main virulence factor : neotxion hydrolunidase and CPB necrosis toxin

• caused necrotic tissue

• enters through a cut or lesion on the skin

treatment:

hybermic chamber or just cutting it off

cat-scratch disease

caused by bartonella nenselae

type: aerobic, gram negative

• mild infections that usually goes away on its own

• creates a pore, like a straw to take nutrients from inside the red blood cell

• common in cats ( acquired through fleas )

plagues

cause by : Yersinia Pestisi

type: Gram-negative rod

• sever necrosis

• produces a Varity of proteins and toxins that all lead to necrosis ( YOPS)

  • biggest issue, cause vascular collapse through the endothelia lining of the cardiovascular system —> collapse of the platy tissues —> necrosis

  • torture of a flea using biofilms

bubonic plague

bacteria growth in the blood and lymph nodes ‘most common form , 50-75% mortility rate

pneumonic plague

biggest concern

• bacteria in the lung —> droplet transmission

• near 1005% mortify rate

• need prophylactic treatment to prevent infection from developing

septicemic plague

systemic disease involving infection of the blood and is most commonly spread by bites from infected fleas.

Lyme disease ( Lyme borreliosis )

caused borrelia burgdorferi

vector :ticks

• is a spirochete, affect first degree shape

• has three phases

  • known for bulls eye rash

what is the first phase of Lyme disease ?

• bulls eye rash, flu-like symptoms

  • center rash from a tick bite

  • outer rash from the bacteria, as it moves away from the bite ( migrating rash)

what is the second phase of Lyme disease ?

irregular heartbeat, encephalitits, facial paralysis ( from inflammations of the brain tissue )

what is the third phase of Lyme disease ?

arthritis due to immune response may raise months to a year later

post Lyme syndrome

still experiencing signs and symptoms associated with Lyme disease although the pathogen is all read treated

rickettsia disease

caused by : Rickettsia spp

type : obligate intercellur parasite or aerobic gram negative bacteria

vectors: arthropods

• cannot produce ATP, so has to steal it from other organisms

• mutiples and infect the endothelial cells of the vascular system

  • block and rupture the small blood vessels

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

caused by: Rickettsia rickettsia

Vector: ticks ( dog or wood)

• flu like

• Rash is systemic ( clusters on the hands and feet

• infects the endothelial cells

  • multiples, exits, and explodes the cell

  • Takes a piece of the exploded cell and uses it to protect themselves from white blood cells

Dengue & sever dengue

caused by: Flavivirus Dengue virus ( DENV)

Vector : aedes Egyptian mosquitoes

• sever dengas uses antibodies enhancement ( high jacking antibodies to gain access to the host cell )

• vaccine is available but not give to people who have never had the infection

dengue

first infection

symptomatic

mild

Se

Sever dengue

second infection

• causes damage, hemorregineg and internal bleeding

• Severe because of the Immune response

  • Take advantage of a memory component

  • Use antibodies to target the cell

  • when people open the door and they say “hold the door “

Chagas disease ( America trypanosomiasis )

Caused by : Trypanosome Cursi

type: Flagellated protozoan

Vector: reduvilf bug (kissing bug )

• feed primarily on the face

• poops in the wounds = pathogen introduced

• usually an acute infection

  • fever

  • swollen glands

if chagas is not treated it can develop into a___?

chromic disease

• more sever

• mehesophagues

• mega color

• structures enlarge to prevent them from function properly

  • myocarditis

Toxoplasmosis

Caused by toxoplasma gondii ( crazy cat person syndrome)

• has a really broad host range

steps :

1. oo cyctes infect intermidet host ( CAT)

2. sporgany in poop ( asexual )

3. create sporocites that invade animal tissue

4. change in to bradoyzites ( infection form, where we actually get sick )

Malaria

caused by : Plasmodium Parasites ( protozoan )

Vector : anoheles mosquito

• caused by multiple species

• So Many Godamn Zites Stop !

Plasmodium vivax

mildest and most prevalent form , dormant in the liver for months to years

Plasmodium falciparum

most deadly ; sever anemia

Schiosmiasis

Caused by: small flukes Schistosoma (Schistosoma mansoni) helminth

vector: feces or urine ( contaminated water )

• have definitiev and intermidet host

  • human =defintive

  • water snails = intetmidet

• need both male and female

• We are exposed to the cerciea

  • can cross the skin

  • fish like tail

• can cause damage to the liver

  • potbelly

  • can log into the blood tissues, causing granulomas