HEMA PT 3 LINEAGE OF HEMATOPOIESIS PT 2 and ERYTHROCYTES and HEMOGLOBIN

LINEAGE OF HEMATOPOIESIS PT 2 and ERYTHROCYTES and HEMOGLOBIN

What is the largest matured white cell?

Monocyte

The cytoplasm of this cell is moderately basophilic to blue or gray and chromatin is fine and lacey

Monoblast

What is the N:C ratio of monoblast?

4:1 to 3:1

The nucleus of this monocyte is slightly indented or folded

Promonocyte

This monocyte’s cytoplasm is blue gray, with fine azure granules often referred to as azure dust or ground glass appearance

Monocyte

This lymphocyte has no granules present and stains cytoplasm moderate to dark blue

Lymphoblast

This lymphocyte has an N:C ratio of 4:1

Prolymphocyte

Which mature lymphocyte has a thin rim around the nucleus?

Small lymphocyte

Which mature lymphocyte is more abundant that stains cytoplasm pale to moderate blue?

Medium lymphocyte

The process of leukocytes/white blood cells migrating from the blood circulation to specific sites.

Diapedesis

What is the largest cell in the bone marrow?

Megakaryocyte

This megakaryocyte’s N:C ratio is 3:1 

Megakaryoblast

Granules in this cells begins to form in the Golgi region

Promegakaryocyte

Contains coarse clumps of granules aggregating into little bundles which bud off from the periphery – platelets.

Megakaryocyte

Cite the megakaryopoiesis in the correct order

Megakaryoblast

Promegkaryoblast

Megakaryocyte

Platelets / Thrombocytes

This protein is important in the prevention of surface loss

Band 3

This protein imparts a negative charge to the cell.

Glycophorin

This protein is important for P. falciparum invasion and development in RBC

Glycophorin C, Glycophorin A

This protein is a selective pore for water transport.

Aquaporin 1

This protein regulates water balance in RBCs

Aquaporin 1

Primarily responsible for maintaining the proper surface-to-volume ratio of water in RBCs

Aquaporin 1

Which protein links the lipid bilayer to membrane via interaction with band 3?

Ankyrin

How many ATPs are the bi-product of Embden-Meyerhof Pathway?

2 ATPs

What is the end-product of Embden-Meyerhof Pathway?

Lactate or Pyruvate

Responsible for the biconcave shape of RBC

Spectrin

In which part of spectrin does ankyrin attach?

Beta-spectrin

Binding sites for actin filaments and protein 4.1 forming a junctional complex

N terminus

The length of actin is modulated by _________

Tropomyosin / Tropomodulin

This protein helps maintain the biconcave shape of RBCs

Protein 4.1

This protein acts as a bridge between actin and spectrin, signaling them to maintain the biconcave shape of RBCs.

Protein 4.1

Stabilizes actin-spectrin interactions (2 answers)

Protein 4.1

Adducin

What protein promotes spectrin-actin interactions?
A. Adducin
B. Protein 4.1
C. A and B
D. Calmodulin (calcium-binding protein)
E. Spectrin

D.

Interacts with band 3 and spectrin to achieve linkage between bilayer and skeleton.

Ankyrin

Ankyrin is augmented by _______

Protein 4.2

Which pathway reduces NADP to NADPH?

Oxidative pathway or Hexose monophosphate shunt

If NADP cannot be converted to NADPH or when reduced glutathione is not produced, it can lead to the formation of ____________.

Heinz bodies (denaturation of globin)

Heinz bodies are formed and targeted by the spleen producing bite cell causing what disease?

G6PD Deficiency

What is the most effective form of glutathione?

Reduced glutathione

What illness is associated with Hexose Monophosphate Shunt? What is the reason?

G6PD deficiency because of the formation of heinz bodies (NADP is not converted to NADPH or Reduced glutathione is not produced)

This pathway prevents oxidation of heme iron

Methemoglobin reductase

Abnormalities in the methemoglobin reductase pathway, the blood will turn into what color?

Chocolate brown

What is the end product of the pathway that prevents oxidation of heme iron?

A. Ferric

B. Ferrous state

C. Fe³⁺

D. Fe²⁺

E. B and D

E.

End product of the pathway that is essential for maintaining deoxygenated RBCs

2,3 DPGs

True or False

In extravascular hemolysis, burns and snake bites are included

False, it occurs in intravascular hemolysis

The most important precursor for heme formation.

Protoporphyrin IX

What globin has 141 amino acids?

Alpha and Zeta (the rest are 146)

Where does the heme production starts?

Mitochondria

Where is D-ALA formed?

Glycine and Succinyl CoA

Which element binds oxygen at the center of the heme group?

Iron

What is the number of polypeptide chains in a single hemoglobin molecule?

4

How does 2,3-BPG affect hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen?

A. It increases oxygen affinity

B. It decreases oxygen affinity

C. No effect

D. A and B

E. None of the choices

B

Which type of hemoglobin makes up the majority of fetal blood?

Hemoglobin F

What test measure the blood’s total hemoglobin content?

Complete Blood Count

What oxidation state does iron have in functioning hemoglobin?

Ferrous state

Which molecule competes with oxygen for the same binding location on hemoglobin?

Carbon monoxide

What form of protoporphyrin ring is present in heme

Protoporphyrin IX

What does a shift to the left in the O₂ dissociation curve indicate?
A. Increased oxygen affinity

B. Decreased oxygen affinity

C. It cannot bind oxygen

D. A and C

E. A and B

A.

What color is blood when it contains a lot of methemoglobin 

Chocolate brown

Shift to the left or shift to the right: tissue hypoxia

Shift to the right

Where does heme synthesis starts and end?

Mitochondria

It transports iron from the bloodstream to various tissues

Transferrin

Which organ recycles iron from damaged hemoglobin?

Liver

How many oxygen molecules can tetramer hemoglobin contain?

4

How many functional alpha-globin genes are present in a diploid human?

4

What is the primary protein found in erythrocytes?

Hemoglobin

Which of the following is an erythroid progenitor?
A. Pronormoblast

B. Reticulocyte

C. CFU-E

D. Orthochormic normoblast

C. CFU-E

Hypoxia stimulates production by

A. Inducing more pluripotent stem cells into erythroid lineage

B. Stimulating EPO production by the kidney

C. Increasing number of RBC mitoses

D. Stimulating the production of fibronectin by macrophages in the bone marrow

B. Stimulating EPO production by the kidney

Erythropoietin can increase the production of RBCs by ____________________________

Promoting early release of reticulocytes

Where does erythroid precursor located in the bone marrow?

Surrounding central macrophages in erythroblastic islands

What feature of normal RBC is most responsible for limiting their lifespan?

Loss of nucleus

Extravascular hemolysis occurs when

A. RBCs are mechanically ruptured

B. RBCs extravastate from blood vessels into the tissues

C. Splenic macrophages ingest senescent RBCs

D. RBCs are trapped in blood clots outside the blood vessels

C. Splenic macrophages ingest senescent RBCs