Biology- Med Connect Past Papers Set 1

highest arterial pressure

in aorta

trypsin

degrades proteins to amino acids

small intestine

trypsinogen

inactive form of trypsin

activated by enteropepridase

exocrine

secrete WITH ducts

endocrine

directly into blood stream

location of prostate

inferior to the bladder neck in males

prostate

exocrine gland

secretion contributes to semen and plays a role in sperm activation

fluid contains nutrients enzymes and prostate specific antigens

location of vocal cords

larynx

2 types of vocal cords

-true

-false vocal cords/ vestibular folds are superior to the true ones a

start of systemic circulation

starts at left ventricle

which walls are thicker in the heart

left ventricle walls are slightly thicker than the right because the left needs to pump blood to the entire body ( further distance)

systemic circulation

1.oxygenated blood from the left ventricle

2. through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body

3.from the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins

4. to the right atrium of the heart.

labelled heart

Immiscible

incapable of mixing

because the force of attraction between molecules of the same liquid are greater than the force of attraction between the 2 different liquids

polypeptide chains are

linear and unbranched

smallest organelle

ribosome

albinism

-defect in melanin synthesis

-caused by absence of

-tyrosinase enzyme

inheritable

when do mammals only secret sperm

process of ejaculation

ejaculation

ejection of semen from the reproductive tract

double membrane organelles

plastids

( plastic fake 2 layers)

general function of plastids

manufacturing and storing of food

replication

-DNA synthesis

- producing identical replicas of DNA from one original strand

eustachian

-tube

-a canal

-connects middle ear to nasopharynx

-function : control pressure within the middle of the ear so its equal to air pressure external to body

nasopharynx consists of

upper throat and back of nasal cavity

accommodation

is the adjustment of the optics ( light orientation mechanics) of the eye to keep in focus on the retina as distance varies

process of adjusting focal length of lens

exocrine function of pancreas

produces substances like enzymes and releases them into ducts

endocrine function of pancreas

produces insulin and glucagon, regulates blood sugar

secreted directly into the blood

( D DIRECTLY)

why is the epidermis nourished almost exclusively by diffused oxygen from the surrounding air

no blood supply ( avasular)

nephron functions

filtration , reabsorption and secretion

upmost function is to regulate H2O and ion concs

Amylase location

saliva and pancreas

function of amylase

breaks down carbohydrates

Colloid

a mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance

name can be given to the dispersed substance alone

what doe peroxisomes contain that allow them to carry out the oxidation of various substances

oxidases

hameoglobin

red protein

responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates

molecule is comprised of subsunits

each subunit contains an iron atom bound to a haem group

oxidative phosphorylation

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.

fertillisation

-generative ferrillisation

-conception

-fecundation

-syngamy

-impregnation

-fusion of gametes to initiate the development of a new individual organism

-new diploid cell called a zygote is formed

larynx

-voice box

-organ in the neck of tetra pods

- breathing

-sound production

-protecting trachea against food aspiration

-house vocal cords , manipulate pitch and volume

-phonation

the process by which the vocal folds produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic vibration

phonation

thyroid hormones

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

adrenal gland releases

mineeralocorticoid

gulcocorticoids

androgens

eg prokaryotic cell

bacteria

archaea

genetic description

pro vs eu

pro- single circular chromosome

typically lacks chromosomes

eu- multiple linear chromosomal DNA with histones

both- can have plasmids naturally in bacteria

name of first vertebrae

atlas

properties of the urinary bladder

smooth collapsible muscular sac

location of urinary bladder

above and behind pubic bone

empty bladder

size and shape of a pear

capacity of bladder

400-600mL

layers of muscle tissue in the bladder allow it

to stretch

during urination

-bladder muscles squeeze

-2 sphincters( valves) open

-exit via urethra, to which it is funnelled to

urethra is longer in

men than women because it passes the penis

rugae

-tiny wrinkles lining the inner surface of the bladder

-allows it to stretch

layers of the urinary bladder

- innermost mucosa

-submucosa

-visceral muscles of muscularis layer surround submucosa

mucosa

-inner most layer of urinary bladder

-unlike other hollow organs the urinary bladder is lined with transitional epithelial tissue

advantage of transitional epithelial tissue

-stretch

-protection to underlying tissues from acidic / alkaline urine

submucosa

layer of connective blood vessels and nervous tissue

function of visceral muscles

-make up muscularis layer, outermost layer

-expand and contract during urination

detrusor muscle

another name for muscularis

internal urethral sphincter

-made by muscularis layer

-ring of muscle

-surrounds urethra opening

-relaxes to allow urine to flow into urethra

( gates to urethra- border control)

vesicles

small spheres of fluid surrounded by a lipid bilayer mebrane

vesicles functions

transporting intracellularly

lysosomes -digestion + waste control

recycle

how many different enzymes can be found in lysosomes

60 different enzymes

hydrolytic enzymes

optimum pH for lysosomes

acidic

hydrolytic enzyme makes it acidic

unlike neutral cell

process hydrolytic enzymes use

hydrolysis

addition of water molecule which cause substance to cleave ( split)

endocytic vesicle

-type of lysosome

-digest food into smaller pirces that can enter the cell

-brings particles into the cell

autophagy

- possible function of lysosomes

-destruction of improperly functioning organelles

phagocytosis

-lysosomes involved

-cell engulfs a molecule in order to break it down

lysosome size

- micrometres

why so lysosomes form double layered membranes in aqueous solutions

have a phospholipid membrane

organelles with a phospholipid membrane

cell membrane

nuclear membrane

nucleus

golgi apparatus

endoplasmic reticulum

formation of lysosomes

1.hydrolytic enzyme is formed in endoplasmic reticulum ( ROUGH)

2. enzymes tagged

3. enzymes transported to golgi

4.packaged

5.budding off gogi apparatus

proteases break down

proteins

during exocytosis the cell

released cellular secretions

which cells have the largest nucleus

monocytes

duplication is

an intrachromosomal aberration

Intra vs Inter

within vs between

true organ of hearing is

organ of corti

mid brain is involved in the

vision and hearing

progesterone is secreted from

corpus luteum of ovary

second heart sound is

diastolic as it represents the closure of semilunar valves

the first cervical vetebrais is called

atlas and connects the spine to the skull

function of sclera

acts as a tough protection from injury, and provides attachment for the extraocular muscles that move the eye

PROTECTION

ureter

upper half located in the abdomen

2- connect to each kidney

tube which urine passes through drom kidney to urinary bladder

excretion of fluids

virion

complete virus particle, replicates only inside living cells of an organism

mitosis

-cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

-a type of cell division that results in 2 daughter cells having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus typically of ordinary tissue growth

acrynom remember 4 lobes of brain

FTPO

fk terry priya overweight

main enzyme in translation

peptidyl-transferase

disease agents consisting of only naked RNA are known as

vironids

viroids

Infectious particles that cause disease in plants

viroids

Consist only of RNA; no protein coat. Obligate intracellular agents that use the machinery and nutrients of host cells to replicate.

single stranded RNA molecules

prions are infectious particles that only contain ------- molecules

protein

the eye lens is

double convex

facial bones are

mandible

the triceps of the lower limb

flexes the ankle

meiosis is typical of

germ cell

glycolysis is the process of degradation of

gulcose

the bonds between phosphate residues in molecule of atp are

macroergic

chromatin is a

complex of proteins and DNA

bone are the active part of the locomotor system

no false

can the cell nucleus function independently of the cytoplasm

no the cell nucleus could not

where is the pituitary gland located

in the cavity of the skull