chapter 6 ppt q&a

learning is defined as __.

a relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes that results from practice or experience.

the three fundamental ways that most species learn are __, __, and __.

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social modeling.

ivan pavlov is associated with __ conditioning.

classical conditioning.

a neutral stimulus (ns) is a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the __ of interest before conditioning.

response.

an unconditioned stimulus (ucs) elicits a __ response.

natural.

the __ response (ucr) is an unlearned reaction to an ucs.

unconditioned.

a conditioned stimulus (cs) is a once neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairings with an __, results in a __.

ucs, cr.

stimulus generalization refers to a learned carry-over response to stimuli similar to the __ stimulus.

original.

extinction occurs when the ucs is repeatedly withheld, resulting in a weakened __.

association.

operant conditioning is learning that occurs based on ** or ** resulting from voluntary behavior.

reinforcement, punishment.

positive reinforcement involves adding a stimulus that __ a response and makes it more likely to recur.

strengthens.

negative reinforcement involves the removal of a stimulus which also __ a response.

strengthens.

positive punishment includes the addition of a stimulus, while negative punishment involves the __ of a stimulus.

removal.

according to bandura's social learning theory, learning occurs through __ of others.

observation.

in observational learning, the stage of retention refers to __ what we observed.

remembering.

instinctive drift refers to the tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to __ controlled patterns after learning.

genetically.

the term __ learning involves learning behaviors through observing others' actions and consequences.

observational.

learning can result from the alteration and strengthening of new __ connections within the brain.

neural.