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Academic Texts

Are critical, objective, and specialized texts written by experts or professionals in a given field.

1. Critical
2. Objective
3. Specialized

3 characteristics of Academic texts

Critical

(Characteristic of Academic text)

\- analyzed, well-written, and research-based

Objective

(Characteristic of Academic text)

\- based on facts, solid basis, and portray no personal emotion or opinion of the author

Specialized

(Characteristic of Academic text)

\- written for specific disciplines such as music, food, business, sciences, etc.

formal

Academic texts make use of --- language

Avoid using contracted forms.

✕ “The data presented don’t support the claim.”

✓ “The data presented do not support the claim.”

Use one-word verb forms rather than two-word verbs

✕ “passed away”

✓ “died”

Avoid abbreviations

✕ Prof.

✓ Professor

Avoid personal pronouns

✕ “He needed to conduct an experiment”

✓ “The researcher needed to conduct an experiment”

1. Articles
2. Journals
3. Conference Papers
4. Reviews
5. Thesis/Dissertation

5 Common Academic texts

Articles

\- these offers results of research or academic analysis.

\- provides relevance to nation building

Journals

\- these are articles published in an issue of a journal

\- a compilation of articles

Conference Papers

\- these are presented in scholastic conferences and may be revised as articles for possible publication in scholarly journals.

\- these can be edited further for journal publication, taking advantage of feedback from peers

Reviews

\- these provide evaluation of works published in scholarly journals.

\- these are evaluated and contextualized by the editorial board of subject experts before accepting them for publication.

Thesis/ Dissertation

\- these are personal researches written by a candidate for college or graduate degree.

thesis

\- is written by those taking up bachelor’s degree or master’s degree

dissertation

\- is written by those in doctorate degree.

Non-Academic Texts

\- forms of writing that are not intended for an academic audience.

\- they are written for a lay audience or for the mass public.

Non-Academic Texts

\- the purpose is to inform, entertain, or persuade the readers

\- does not follow a rigid structure

1. Personal
2. Impressionistic
3. Emotional
4. Subjective

4 characteristics of Non-Academic texts

Introduction-Body-Conclusion (IBC)

Format used for Academic Texts

1. Annotating
2. Outlining
3. Analyzing
4. Summarizing
5. Paraphrasing
6. Direct Quoting

6 Critical Reading Strategies

Annotating

\- this strategy is defined as highlighting or underlining keywords or ideas in the text, in order to emphasize their importance.

\- involves writing short explanations or comments along the margins of the page.

Outlining

\- presenting the main details/topics and subtopics of a text

\- shows how a text is organized

\- used to organize the ideas of the text in a logical or hierarchal order

1. Topic Outline
2. Sentence Outline
3. Decimal Outline
4. Alphanumeric Outline

4 Types of Outlines

Topic Outline

\- is an outline that utilizes words and brief phrases for headings rather than complete sentences

\- is comparatively easier to prepare than sentence outlines

Sentence Outline

\- is an outline that is constructed in full sentences

\- takes more time to prepare

Decimal Outline

\- arabic numerals and decimals are used to note each heading and subheading

Alphanumeric Outline

\- uses numbers, letters, and period to organize the headings and subheadings of the text

Analyzing

\- this strategy examines the content of the text by breaking down the different elements.

\- divides the text into different sections

\- is used when reading long and complex material

Summarizing

\- often used to share essential ideas in a book, book chapter, article, and/or parts of it.

\- it gets the gist or the main idea

\- it takes note of the useful and necessary information, keywords or phrases

\- generally done after reading

\- deepens your understanding of the text

\- identifies relevant information or key ideas

\- combines details or examples that support the main idea

\- concentrates on the gist or main idea and keywords presented in the text

\- captures the key ideas in the text and put them together clearly and concisely

Purposes of Summarizing Skills

\- provides an overview of the source material

\- is shorter than the original text

\- it reflects the exact views or ideas of the author

\- does not contain comments or opinions of the person/s writing the summary

\- contains citations

Characteristics of a Good Summary

1. Idea Heading Format
2. Author Heading Format
3. Date Heading Format

3 Formats for Summarizing

Idea Heading Format

\- the summarized idea comes before the citation

Author Heading Format

\- the summarized idea comes after the citation.

\- the author's name is connected by an appropriate reporting verb.

Date Heading Format

\- the summarized idea comes after the publication date of the material

reporting verb

\- a word used to discuss another person's writings or assertions

\- used to incorporate the source to the discussion in the text

Paraphrasing

\- involves delivering a passage from a source using your own words, but retaining and still fully communicating the original message

\- may be similar in length to the original text

\- must be attributed to the original source

\- requires citations and reporting verbs

Direct Quoting

\- is written verbatim; matches the source material word for word

\- the cited part is situated between quotation marks

\- must include the page number where the statement was taken (p. for a single page; pp. for multiple pages)

\- usually only a short part of the text

Main Idea

\- The whole or central point of a text

\- It is the message that the author wants to communicate to readers.

declarative

The Main Idea is stated in the form of a --- sentence

1. Stated
2. Implied

2 types of Main Idea

Stated

\- the main idea is written directly in a passage of the text

Implied

\- the main idea is not found within the text and should be formulated or expressed using own words

\- it is only suggested or implied by the supporting information.

\- it is not explicitly stated or declared.

1. Thesis Statement
2. Topic Sentence

2 ways in expressing the main Idea

Thesis Statement

\- this presents or defines the whole scope and purpose of a text.

\- usually found in the abstract or executive summary, or at the last part of the introduction

\- it is not merely a topic, it helps control the ideas within the paper and also reflect an opinion or judgment of the author.

Purpose Statement

\- in some cases, this is used to replace the thesis statement in the last part of the introduction

\- introduced by signal phrases that present the purpose, scope, or direction of the text as well as its focus.

Topic Sentence

\- presents or defines the main idea or message of a certain paragraph

\- can be found at the beginning, in the middle, or at the last part of the paragraph.

\- is only one sentence

Thesis statement

refers to the main idea of the whole paper

Topic sentence

refers to main idea of a certain paragraph