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Academic Texts

Academic Texts

Are critical, objective, and specialized texts written by experts or professionals in a given field.

1. Critical

2. Objective

3. Specialized

3 characteristics of Academic texts

Critical

(Characteristic of Academic text)

- analyzed, well-written, and research-based

Objective

(Characteristic of Academic text)

- based on facts, solid basis, and portray no personal emotion or opinion of the author

Specialized

(Characteristic of Academic text)

- written for specific disciplines such as music, food, business, sciences, etc.

formal

Academic texts make use of --- language

Avoid using contracted forms.

✕ “The data presented don’t support the claim.”

✓ “The data presented do not support the claim.”

Use one-word verb forms rather than two-word verbs

✕ “passed away”

✓ “died”

Avoid abbreviations

✕ Prof.

✓ Professor

Avoid personal pronouns

✕ “He needed to conduct an experiment”

✓ “The researcher needed to conduct an experiment”

1. Articles

2. Journals

3. Conference Papers

4. Reviews

5. Thesis/Dissertation

5 Common Academic texts

Articles

- these offers results of research or academic analysis.

- provides relevance to nation building

Journals

- these are articles published in an issue of a journal

- a compilation of articles

Conference Papers

- these are presented in scholastic conferences and may be revised as articles for possible publication in scholarly journals.

- these can be edited further for journal publication, taking advantage of feedback from peers

Reviews

- these provide evaluation of works published in scholarly journals.

- these are evaluated and contextualized by the editorial board of subject experts before accepting them for publication.

Thesis/ Dissertation

- these are personal researches written by a candidate for college or graduate degree.

thesis

- is written by those taking up bachelor’s degree or master’s degree

dissertation

- is written by those in doctorate degree.

Non-Academic Texts

- forms of writing that are not intended for an academic audience.

- they are written for a lay audience or for the mass public.

Non-Academic Texts

- the purpose is to inform, entertain, or persuade the readers

- does not follow a rigid structure

1. Personal

2. Impressionistic

3. Emotional

4. Subjective

4 characteristics of Non-Academic texts

Introduction-Body-Conclusion (IBC)

Format used for Academic Texts

1. Annotating

2. Outlining

3. Analyzing

4. Summarizing

5. Paraphrasing

6. Direct Quoting

6 Critical Reading Strategies

Annotating

- this strategy is defined as highlighting or underlining keywords or ideas in the text, in order to emphasize their importance.

- involves writing short explanations or comments along the margins of the page.

Outlining

- presenting the main details/topics and subtopics of a text

- shows how a text is organized

- used to organize the ideas of the text in a logical or hierarchal order

1. Topic Outline

2. Sentence Outline

3. Decimal Outline

4. Alphanumeric Outline

4 Types of Outlines

Topic Outline

- is an outline that utilizes words and brief phrases for headings rather than complete sentences

- is comparatively easier to prepare than sentence outlines

Sentence Outline

- is an outline that is constructed in full sentences

- takes more time to prepare

Decimal Outline

- arabic numerals and decimals are used to note each heading and subheading

Alphanumeric Outline

- uses numbers, letters, and period to organize the headings and subheadings of the text

Analyzing

- this strategy examines the content of the text by breaking down the different elements.

- divides the text into different sections

- is used when reading long and complex material

Summarizing

- often used to share essential ideas in a book, book chapter, article, and/or parts of it.

- it gets the gist or the main idea

- it takes note of the useful and necessary information, keywords or phrases

- generally done after reading

- deepens your understanding of the text

- identifies relevant information or key ideas

- combines details or examples that support the main idea

- concentrates on the gist or main idea and keywords presented in the text

- captures the key ideas in the text and put them together clearly and concisely

Purposes of Summarizing Skills

- provides an overview of the source material

- is shorter than the original text

- it reflects the exact views or ideas of the author

- does not contain comments or opinions of the person/s writing the summary

- contains citations

Characteristics of a Good Summary

1. Idea Heading Format

2. Author Heading Format

3. Date Heading Format

3 Formats for Summarizing

Idea Heading Format

- the summarized idea comes before the citation

Author Heading Format

- the summarized idea comes after the citation.

- the author's name is connected by an appropriate reporting verb.

Date Heading Format

- the summarized idea comes after the publication date of the material

reporting verb

- a word used to discuss another person's writings or assertions

- used to incorporate the source to the discussion in the text

Paraphrasing

- involves delivering a passage from a source using your own words, but retaining and still fully communicating the original message

- may be similar in length to the original text

- must be attributed to the original source

- requires citations and reporting verbs

Direct Quoting

- is written verbatim; matches the source material word for word

- the cited part is situated between quotation marks

- must include the page number where the statement was taken (p. for a single page; pp. for multiple pages)

- usually only a short part of the text

Main Idea

- The whole or central point of a text

- It is the message that the author wants to communicate to readers.

declarative

The Main Idea is stated in the form of a --- sentence

1. Stated

2. Implied

2 types of Main Idea

Stated

- the main idea is written directly in a passage of the text

Implied

- the main idea is not found within the text and should be formulated or expressed using own words

- it is only suggested or implied by the supporting information.

- it is not explicitly stated or declared.

1. Thesis Statement

2. Topic Sentence

2 ways in expressing the main Idea

Thesis Statement

- this presents or defines the whole scope and purpose of a text.

- usually found in the abstract or executive summary, or at the last part of the introduction

- it is not merely a topic, it helps control the ideas within the paper and also reflect an opinion or judgment of the author.

Purpose Statement

- in some cases, this is used to replace the thesis statement in the last part of the introduction

- introduced by signal phrases that present the purpose, scope, or direction of the text as well as its focus.

Topic Sentence

- presents or defines the main idea or message of a certain paragraph

- can be found at the beginning, in the middle, or at the last part of the paragraph.

- is only one sentence

Thesis statement

refers to the main idea of the whole paper

Topic sentence

refers to main idea of a certain paragraph