Chapter 7B - Operant Conditioning

Operant Learning

• a form of learning in which a behavior becomes more or less probable - depending on its consequences

Receiving a Reinforcer after a Response

Behavior is more likely to be repated

Receiving a Punishment after a Response

Behavior is less likely to be repeated

Primary Reinforcers

• an unlearned reinforcer that satisfies a biological need

• ex: Food, Water, Sleep, Shelter, Oxygen

Secondary Reinforcers

• a neutral stimulus that becomes reinforcing after being associated with a primary reinforcer

• ex. Money, Good Grades, Power, ex.

Positive Reinforcement

• the presentation of something desirable after the behavior

• increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur again in the future

Negative Reinforcement

• the removal of something aversive after a behavior

• increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur in the future

When is reinforcement most effective?

• when it comes immediately after the behavior

When can extinction occur?

• When there is a gradual disappearance of a response that is no longer followed by a reinforcer.

Golden Rules Using Punishment to Discipling Children

• punishment should be immediate

• punishment should be strong enough to stop the undesirable behavior but not too excessive

• punishment should be consistent

• punishment should be aimed at the misbehavior and not the child