apwh unit 4

where were most sea based empires

europe

european maritime technologies (adopted not invented)

1) magnetic compass

2) astrolabe (measured longitude and latitude)

3) lateen sail

4) astronomical charts

european shipbuilding innovations

1) caravel (Portugal)

2) parrack (big ship from Portugal)

3) fluyt (ship just for trade from the Dutch)

what sponsored sea based empire building

states

motivation for european maritime exploration

desire for asian spices, PEPPER!!

portugal

alpha sea based empire

prince Henry the navigator

Portuguese blud sponsoring first European attempt to find all water trade route

portugal religion

christianity

vasco da gama actions

established trading posts in Africa and Indian ocean/southeast asia

christopher columbus

discovered Caribbean under impression it was spice islands

ferdinand magellan

spanish explorer who landed at east indies

why did other European states copy Portugal and spain’s flow

1) political rivalry

2) envy

3) desire for wealth

4) need to find alternative routes 2 asia

france

sent expeditions looking for westward passage to Indian ocean (didn’t exist they wasted money fr)

what trade did france gain access to

fur trade

quebec

french colony

queen elizabeth the first supported…..

westward expansion

virginia

england’s first colony in the americas. terrible but !!!!!!JAMESTOWN!!!!! saved it

who did Dutch get independence from

spain

dutch republic huge deal thing

richest state in europe

kings of indian ocean trade (taking title from Portuguese)

dutch republic

henry hudson

sent by dutch to establish Dutch presence in the new world, founded new amsterdam

columbian exchange

transfer of new diseases, food, plants, and animals between the eastern and western hemispheres

cause of Columbian exchange

contact with other continents when Europeans sponsored sea based expeditions

disease vectors

rats and mosquitoes

diseases brought from old world to new world

1) malaria, brought by enslaved africans

2) measles, spread in densely populated areas

3) smallpox, cooked EVERYONE

what do Indigenous ppl call spread of smallpox

the great dying

how did Europeans take over americas so easily

disease

food Europeans brought 2 new world

wheat, grapes, olives, bananas, sugar

foods new worlders brought to old world

maize, potatoes, manioc

new world old world food exchange caused……..

population growth

new world crops were grown in Europe as…….

cash crops

cash cropping

agriculture method where food is grown for export to other places

example of coerced labor

caribbeans harvest sugar cane

food enslaved africans brought to americas

okra and rice

animals europeans brought to new world

pigs, sheep, cattle

how did new animals in new world multiply so quick

no natural predators

negative effect of animals brought to new world

environmental strains on farmers, EROSION!!!

beneficial animal introduced to new world

horse (allowed them to hunt buffalo)

european motivations for joining Indian ocean trade

1) gold (get rich)

2) God (spread christianity)

3) glory (be greatest state)

portugal was first to establish

trading post empire

did Portuguese want to insert themselves into trade network or own/control

own

what did British eventually turn Indian trading posts into

full blown colonial rule in india (Dutch did in Indonesia)

merchants like the ….. in the Mughal empire used Indian ocean trade to increase wealth

gujaratis

tokugawa japan

united and anti European in Indian ocean trade bc they were a threat

what religion was expelled and suppressed in japan

christianity

ming china

anti European trade, wanted 4 themselves

china trade laws

isolationist

asante empire

west African empire trading gold, ivory, and slaves with Portuguese and british

kingdom of the kongo

african empire trading gold, copper, and enslaved laborers with Portuguese

religion of kingdom of the kongo

christianity (converted 2 facilitate trade)

existing labor systems in americas used by europeans

1) Inca mit’a system (for silver mining)

new labor systems in americas used by europeans

1) chattel slavery (laborers owned & race based + hereditary)

2) indentured servitude

3) encomienda system (feudalism vibes)

4) hacienda system (encomienda but economics)

african slave trade new or already present

alr present (Africans got culturally assimilated!)

domestic work new or already present

alr present

could slaves hold power

yes (military + political)

male or female slaves more purchased

male

was the trans atlantic trade or Indian ocean trade larger

trans atlantic trade

dominant European economic system

mercantilism

mercantilism

state driven economic system emphasizing the buildup of mineral wealth by maintaining a favorable balance of trade (they want the most pie!!!!!!!)

favorable balance of trade

exports > imports

joint-stock companies

limited liability businesses chartered by the state and funded by a group of investors

dutch east India company

chartered by the Dutch state who had a monopoly on Indian ocean trade (they rich and Dutch got to expand power!)

anglo-dutch war

dutch vs England over mercantilism

why did spain and portugal’s power wane slightly

trade and imperial ventures were through the state

atlantic system

movement of goods, wealth, and laborers between east and west hemispheres

important goods in americas

sugar & silver

potosi

site of Bolivian silver mine

effects of silver

1) satisfied Chinese demand for silver

2) increased profits

artisans

laborers making goods by hand

effects of African slave trade

1) gender imbalance

2) changed family structures (polygamy rise)

3) cultural synthesis (Creole languages created)

las casas

defended indigenous americans from abuse of europeans

fronde

french resistance against increased taxation (didn’t work)

queen ana nzinga’s resistance

african resistance where ana nzinga & the Dutch fought the portuguese

pueblo revolt

north American revolt against the Spanish forcing coerced labor (spain left but came back)

maroon societies

caribbean and brazil communities of free blacks (tried 2 save their people!)

stono rebellion of 1739

slaves sent to south Carolina killed enslavers

jew treatment in Spain and portugal

expulsion

refuge for jews

ottoman empire

jizya

tax non Muslims paid in ottoman empire

discrimination in qing dynasty

only ethnically Manchu people could hold position, men required to wear queue

mughal response to ethnic diversity

akbar nice

casta system

imposed on new world by spanish leaders based on race and heredity

order of casta system

1) peninsulares (born on iberian peninsula)

2) creoles (European born in new world)

3) mestizos (european + indigenous)

4) mulattoes (European + African)

5) native americans

5) African slaves

russian boyars

aristocratic land-owning Russian class exerting great power in the administration of russia

who took power from the boyars

peter the great

ottoman timars

land grants made to ottoman empire to an aristocratic class in payment for military service to gov