sports med ch1 pt2 & ch2

Coronal (frontal) plane

Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into lengthwise right and left portions

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

Oblique plane

Goes at an angle

Anatomical position

Body standing erect, facing forward, arms held to sides, palms of hands facing forward

Inferior

Below; neck is inferior to head

Superior

Above; thoracic cavity is superior to abdominopelvic cavity

Lateral

Toward the side; ears are lateral to the eyes

Medial

Toward the midline; my right shoulder is medial to my collarbone

Anterior (ventral)

Toward the front; eyes are anterior to the brain

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward the back; pharynx is posterior to the mouth

Bilateral

Paired structures; lungs are bilateral

Unilateral

One side; doing one arm at a time for shoulder press is unilateral

Distal

Further from point of attachment to trunk; fingers are distal to wrist

Proximal

Closer to point of attachment to trunk; elbow is proximal to wrist

Deep

More internal; dermis is a deep layer of the skin

Superficial

More external; epidermis is a superficial layer of the skin

Contralateral

Refers to structures on the opposite side of the body; right knee is contralateral to the left knee

Ipsilateral

Refers to structures on the same side of the body; right knee

Abdominal Regions

Regions of the abdomen including left hypo/chondriac, epi/gastric, right hypo/chondriac, left lumbar, umbilical, right lumbar, left iliac (inguinal), hypo/gastric, right iliac (inguinal)

Integumentary System

16% of adult body weight, made up of skin and accessory structures

Skin

Largest organ in the body by weight, first line of defense against the environment

Epidermis

Outer layer of skin, stratified squamous epithelium

Dermis

Inner layer of skin, much thicker than epidermis

Hypodermis/Subcutaneous Layer

Loose connective tissue below dermis, binds skin to organs underneath, mostly adipose tissue

Keratinocytes

Cells that produce fibrous protein keratin, protect skin, hair, nails; waterproof skin and keep out germs and chemicals

Melanocytes

Cells that produce pigment melanin, which gives skin, hair, and eyes their color

Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation

Sunlight contains significant amounts; small amounts beneficial, help produce vitamin D; larger amounts damage DNA, cause mutations, and promote cancer development.

Cyanosis

Blue skin color - low oxygenation of hemoglobin.

Erythema

Redness caused by fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy.

Jaundice

Yellow cast indicating a liver disorder.

Albinism

Genetic disorder, usually autosomal recessive, characterized by lack of melanin, resulting in extremely pale skin and hair, and blue to red, violet, hazel, or brown eyes.

Excessive Sun Exposure

Damages skin, causing leathery texture, immune system depression, and increased risk of skin cancer due to altered DNA.

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

Macrophages that spot and capture germs, alerting the immune system and helping start the body's defense response.

Tactile (Merkel) cells

Sensory touch receptors that detect gentle touch and pressure, linking to nerve endings to send touch signals to the brain.

Fingerprints

Ridge patterns on top of each finger that are unique to each human, including identical twins, and help with grip.

Liposuction (Lipoplasty)

Used to remove excessive adipose tissue through a tube inserted deep to the skin, with complications including bleeding, infection, fluid loss, sensory loss, and risks related to anesthesia.

Psoriasis

Chronic inflammatory autoimmune skin condition characterized by thickened areas of silver-colored scales, most common on knees, elbows, scalp, lower back, face, palms, and soles.

Superficial papillary layer

Part of the dermis made of areolar tissue, capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons.

Deeper reticular layer

Part of the dermis containing a meshwork of connective tissue, collagen, and elastic fibers, and all cells of connective tissue proper.

Dermal Processes

Processes from nerve cells throughout the dermis that include motor processes carrying messages from the brain to the skin's glands and sensory processes carrying messages from the skin back to the brain.

Sebaceous Glands

Specialized epidermal cells that secrete sebum, an oily mixture of fatty material and cell debris.

Holocrine glands

Glands that secrete their substance by the rupture of the entire cell.

Sebum

An oily mixture of fatty material and cell debris that inhibits bacterial growth and protects keratin of hair shafts.

Seat Glands

Also called sudoiferous glands, they include merocrine and apocrine glands.

Merocrine glands

Glands that secrete their products via exocytosis without losing cellular material.

Apocrine glands

Glands that lose part of their cell body during secretion.

Functions of the Integumentary System

Includes protection, body temperature regulation, cutaneous sensations, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, and excretion of wastes.

Vitamin D

Helps the body absorb calcium, which is necessary for heartbeats and skeletal muscle contraction.

Acid mantle

The low pH of skin secretions that decreases bacteria levels.

Dermicidin

A bactericidal substance found in sweat.

Defensins

Natural secretions that create holes in bacteria.

Normal body temperature

Regulated at 98.6°F (37°C).

Insensible perspiration

Sweat produced by sweat glands under normal resting body temperature, approximately 500ml/day.

Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels that occurs when body temperature rises, leading to increased sweat production.

Arrector pili muscles

Muscles that contract to cause hair to stand on end, contributing to shivering in cold conditions.

Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

An immune-mediated skin inflammation that causes severe itching and is linked to genetics and environment.

Skin Cancer

May be caused by UV rays and is more common in fair-skinned and elderly individuals.

Basal Cell Carcinoma

The most common yet least dangerous type of skin cancer that begins in the stratum basale.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A type of skin cancer that begins in keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum and can metastasize.

Malignant Melanoma

The least common yet most dangerous type of skin cancer that often starts in melanocytes of pre-existing moles.

Burns

Leading causes of accidental death, which may occur due to fires, UV radiation, hot water, spills, radiation, strong acids or bases, and electrical shock.

Rule of nines

A method used to calculate the total body surface area affected by burns.

First-degree burns

Burns that affect the first layer of skin (epidermis), causing redness, pain, and slight edema.

Second-degree burns

Partial-thickness burns that affect the epidermis and dermis, leaving some of the dermis intact.

Third-degree burns

Burns that completely destroy the epidermis and dermis, often requiring skin grafts.

1

right hypochondriac region

2

Epigastric

3

left hypochondriac region

4

right lumbar

5

umbilical

6

left lumbar

7

right iliac

8

hypogastric

9

left iliac