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DNA Mutations
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that can affect gene expression and lead to various types of mutations.
Single-gene Mutations
Mutations that involve changes in the nucleotide sequence of one gene, categorized into point mutations and frameshift mutations.
Point Mutations
Mutations caused by a change in a single base pair within a DNA sequence, often resulting in the substitution of one nucleotide.
Frameshift Mutations
Mutations that result from the insertion or deletion of nucleotides not divisible by three, leading to a change in the reading frame.
Mutagens
Substances or events that increase the rate of mutations.
Silent Mutations
Mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence of a protein.
Missense Mutations
Mutations that change the amino acid sequence of a protein, which are usually harmful but can occasionally be beneficial.
Nonsense Mutations
Mutations that introduce an early stop codon, typically resulting in shortened proteins and are usually harmful.
Chromosome Mutations
Changes in the structure or number of chromosomes, which may involve deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation.
Photorepair
A specific DNA repair mechanism that repairs damage caused by UV radiation using the enzyme photolyase.
Excision Repair
A non-specific DNA repair mechanism that can correct multiple types of DNA damage.
Regulation of Gene Expression
The process by which a cell controls the amount of gene products produced, determining if a gene is active or inactive.
Operon
A cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter, allowing coordinated regulation in prokaryotes.
lac Operon
The operon involved in lactose metabolism in E. coli, containing genes that code for enzymes needed to break down lactose.
trp Operon
An operon that is normally active for tryptophan synthesis but can be repressed when tryptophan levels are high.
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Levels
The five levels of gene regulation in eukaryotes: pre-transcriptional, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational.
