Cells energy

Respiratory System

System responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.

Epiglottis

Flap of cartilage that covers the passage of air when eating and sits upright when air is being taken in.

Trachea

Allows air to pass to and from the lungs.

Larynx

Voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords.

Lungs

Where gas exchanges between the atmosphere and blood occur.

Bronchi

Two branches that lead to the lungs, lined with cilia and mucus.

Bronchioles

Smallest branches of the bronchi, lined with cilia and mucus.

Alveoli

Air sacs clustered at the end of bronchioles.

How gas exchanges in the lungs

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood in the capillaries, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli.

Diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that aids in breathing.

Inspiration

Process of taking air into the lungs.

Expiration

Process of exhaling air out of the lungs.

Hypoxia

Condition of deficient oxygen to the tissues.

ATP

Main energy source for cells, composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.

ADP

Result of high energy bond breaking off of ATP to release energy for cell use.

Glycolysis

Process of breaking down glucose into two pyruvic acids in the cytoplasm.

Krebs cycle

Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria where carbon is removed as CO2 from pyruvic acid.

ETC (Electron Transport Chain)

Inner membrane of the mitochondria where electrons and oxidized H+ ions provide energy for ATP synthesis.

Cellular Respiration Formula

C6H12O6 + O2 —> ATP + CO2 + H2O.

Fermentation

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen.

Alcohol Fermentation

Anaerobic process by which yeasts break down sugars to form carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.

Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration that does not require oxygen.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Anaerobic cellular respiration that occurs in animals and some bacteria, converting pyruvic acid into lactic acid.

Chloroplast

Organelle where photosynthesis occurs.

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used for photosynthesis.

Thylakoids

Sac inside the chloroplast used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

Granum

Stack of thylakoids in the chloroplast.

Photosystems

Light-capturing pigments in the thylakoid membranes.

Light-dependent reactions

First stage of photosynthesis where light energy is absorbed to break down H2O into H+, electrons, and O2.

Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)

Second stage of photosynthesis where CO2 is absorbed and glucose is made using energy from the light-dependent reactions.

Photosynthesis Equation

H2O + CO2 + Light Energy —> C6H12O6 + O2.