ang exam 3

The idea of the home as a place of love and emotional support, separate from the stresses of work, emerged \__________.

with industrialization

​Families are expected to regulate the sexual activity of their members and thus ensure that reproduction takes place within specific boundaries. Incest taboos are an example of this type of regulation that takes place at the \__________.

macrolevel

Across cultures, \__________ is the most common residential pattern.​

patrilocal residence

A comparison of Census Bureau data from 1970 to 2012 shows that there has been \__________ in the percentage of U.S. households comprised of a married couple with their own children under eighteen years of age.

a significant decline

The changing attitudes about same-sex marriage are being driven by \__________.​

millennials

A(n) \__________ family has a family structure in which both partners share power and authority equally.

egalitarian

In 2014, approximately \__________ of employed mothers with children under age 6 worked full time.

two-thirds

The cultural practice of marrying outside of one's own group is termed \__________.​

exogamy

The postmodern family has been described as \__________, meaning capable of being diffused or invaded in such a manner that its original purpose is modified or changed.

permeable

\__________ refers to family units composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from other relatives.​

Nuclear family

\__________ theorists emphasize the importance of the family in maintaining the stability of society and the well-being of individuals.​

Functionalist

Emile Durkheim saw the family as a microcosm of society. He argued that, much like in society generally,\____________________________.​

a division of labor contributes to greater efficiency in marriages and families

The National Health and Social Life Survey conducted by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago has replaced the Kinsey Report as the respected source of information on American sexual behavior. Which of these is not a finding of the survey reported in the text?​

Overall Americans seem to be challenging what were previously considered significant dominant sexual ideologies.

Most people in the United States tend to choose marriage partners who are similar to themselves. \__________ refers to the pattern of individuals marrying those who have similar characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, religious background, age, education, or social class.

Homogamy

Couples with more \________ ideas about women's and men's roles tend to share more equally in food preparation, housework, and child care.​

egalitarian

General support for same-sex marriage in the United States is \__________​

increasing overall

Kinship in industrial societies is usually traced through both parents (bilineally). The most common form is \__________, which is a system of tracing descent through both the mother's and father's sides of the family.​

bilateral descent

Conflict theory explains family problems, such as divorce and overall family instability, by pointing out\_____________________________.​

how exploitation of the lower classes by the upper classes contributes to family problems

The \__________ is the family into which a person is born and in which early socialization usually takes place.​

family of orientation

With the advent of industrialization and urbanization, maintaining the \__________ family pattern becomes more difficult. Increasingly, young people move from rural to urban areas in search of employment in the industrializing sector of the economy. At that time, the \__________ family typically becomes the predominant family pattern in the society.​

extended; nuclear

​Bubba married his high school sweetheart, and they have been faithful to each other for 30 years. Their marriage is considered to be \__________.

monogamous

In the United States, there is a strong cultural belief that \__________ should be the basis of an intimate relationship.​

romantic love

What constitutes a "family" has been widely debated. For many years, the standard sociological definition of family was \__________.​

​a group of people who are related to one another by bonds of blood, marriage, or adoption and who live together, form an economic unit, and bear and raise children

\__________ is very rare. When it does occur, it is typically found in societies where men greatly outnumber women because of high rates of female infanticide.​

Polyandry

Today, most sociologists would consider two gay men and their adopted children, sharing the same household, to be a(n) \__________ family.

nuclear

In regard to housework, some reports show that\_____________________.​

when husbands share some household responsibilities, they typically spend much less time in these activities than do their wives

Conflict and feminist perspectives on the family differ significantly from functionalist perspectives on the family in that\___________________.

conflict and feminist theorists view the functionalist perspective as unrealistic in its emphasis on support and harmony within the family

\__________ is the concurrent marriage of one woman with two or more men.​

Polyandry

​Research suggests that \__________ of American children live in a single-parent household at any given time.

a little over one-fourth

\__________ descent is used in the United States for the purpose of determining kinship and inheritance rights; however, children typically take the father's last name.

Bilateral

A(n) \__________ family is a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest male (usually the father).

patriarchal

Functionalist theorists recognize that the function of the family is sometimes different in preindustrial and industrial societies. In preindustrial societies, families are units for\__________; in industrial societies, families provide economic security through the workplace and the larger economic system.​

economic production

\__________ systems are set up in such a manner that a legitimate son inherits his father's property and sometimes his position upon the father's death.​

Patrilineal

\__________ of all marriages with children in the United States are dual-earner marriages, in which both spouses are in the labor force.​

About 60 percent

To more accurately reflect the changes in family life, the text provides a more encompassing definition of what constitutes a family. This definition is \__________________________.

a relationship in which people live together with commitment, form an economic unit and care for any young, and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group

The most prevalent pattern of power and authority in families is \__________. Across cultures, men are the primary decision makers regarding domestic, economic, and social concerns facing the family.​

patriarchy

In preindustrial societies, kinship is usually traced through one parent (unilineally). The most common pattern of unilineal descent is \__________, which is a system of tracing descent through the father's side of the family.​

patrilineal descent

In the United States, the only legally sanctioned form of marriage is \__________.

monogamous

The \__________ is the family into which a person is born and in which early socialization usually takes place.

family of orientation

The \__________ is the family that a person forms by having or adopting children of his or her own.​

family of procreation

\__________ are responsible primarily for regulating sexual activity, socializing children, and providing affection and companionship for members.​

Contemporary families

​A(n) \__________ family has a family structure in which both partners share power and authority equally.

egalitarian

​The cultural practice of marrying within one's own group is called \__________.

endogamy

Even with the less common pattern of \__________, which is a system of tracing descent through the mother's side of the family, women may not control property.​

matrilineal descent

​Sociologists note that women and men in the United States may have very different ideas about and perceptions of love. One of the differences is that men, more than women,\______________.

tend to express their love through nonverbal actions

​In the postmodern family, the boundaries between the public and private spheres are fairly open and flexible. In fact, family life may be negatively affected by the decreasing distinction between what is work time and what is family time. This characteristic of the family is termed \__________.

urbanity

In industrialized nations such as the United States, most couples hope to live in a(n) \__________, which is the custom of a married couple living in their own residence apart from both the husband's and the wife's parents.

neolocal residence

\__________ analyze family influence on an individual's self-concept and identity. From this perspective, what people think, as well as what they say and do, is very important in understanding family dynamics.​

Symbolic interactionists

The term \__________ refers to a network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption.

kinship

Feminist explanations of family problems, such as high rates of divorce and overall family instability, focus on \__________.​

​patriarchy and how men's domination over women contributes to inequalities in families

Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead provided insight into the family roles, and these are modified or adapted to the expectations of others—especially significant others such as parents, grandparents, and siblings. This is the foundation of the​\__________ perspective on the family.

symbolic interactionist

In a(n) \__________, the male authority figure acts as head of the household and holds power and authority over the women and children, as well as over other males.

patriarchal family

Rachael lives with her mother and her mother's parents, all in the same household. Sociologists would say that Rachael lives in a(n) \__________ family.​

extended

​\__________ is the term for concurrent marriage of a person of one sex with two or more members of the opposite sex.

Polygamy

​\__________ refers to a household arrangement in which an unmarried couple lives together in a committed, sexually intimate relationship and is granted the same rights and benefits as those accorded to married heterosexual couples.

Domestic partnership

The most prevalent form of polygamy is \__________.​

polygyny

\__________ is the concurrent marriage of one man with two or more women.​

Polygyny

Although there has been a great deal of discussion about \__________, scholars have found no historical evidence to indicate that true types of this familial power and authority ever existed.​

matriarchal families

The term \__________ refers to any intentional act or actions by one or both partners in an intimate relationship that causes injury to either person.

domestic violence

\__________ refers to a marriage between two partners, usually a woman and a man.​

Monogamy

Children in single-parent households are at greater risk of lower standards of living primarily due to\_________________________.​

having fewer economic resources than two-parent households

Few societies have residential patterns known as \__________ residence, which refers to the custom of a married couple living in the same household (or community) as the wife's parents.​

matrilocal

Although their perspectives are very different, functionalists and conflict theorists would likely agree that\___________________________.​

a person's social status, particularly ascribed status, is determined by the family

\__________ is a legally recognized and/or socially approved arrangement between two or more individuals that carries certain rights and obligations and usually involves sexual activity.

Marriage

The \__________ refers to family units that are composed of various relatives, in addition to parents and children, who live in the same household.

extended family

According to sociologist \__________, students from diverse class backgrounds come to school with different amounts of cultural capital, which refers to social assets that include values, beliefs, attitudes, and competencies in language and culture.​

Pierre Bourdieu

The term \__________ refers to a social system in which status is assumed to be acquired through individual ability and effort.​

​meritocracy

A religious organization that is well-integrated in society and has all members of society as its members is termed a(n) \__________.

ecclesia

\__________ does not acknowledge specific gods or supernatural spirits but focuses​ instead on impersonal forces that may exist in people or natural objects.

Simple supernaturalism

Education keeps students off the street and out of the full-time job market for a number of years, keeping levels of unemployment within reasonable bounds. This is an example of a latent function of education the text terms \__________.

​restricting some activities

Schools play an active part in the process of assimilation, whereby recent immigrants learn dominant values, attitudes, and behavior of society. This is an aspect of the manifest function of education referred to as \__________.​

transmission of culture

\__________ are most likely to view grades, written comments on assignments, and evaluations of behavior in classes as contributing to labeling.​

Symbolic interactionists

Tracking or ability grouping is based on the assumption that it is easier to teach a group whose members have similar abilities. \__________ theorists are critics of the practice of tracking, arguing that it negatively affects learning and achievement for many students.​

Conflict

In addition to teaching subject content and skills, school routines and regulations train students to respect cultural values; routines and regulations also shape attitudes and values such as conformity and obedience to authority. Sociologists term this the \__________.

hidden curriculum

Through the \__________, schools make working-class and poverty-level students aware that they will be expected to take orders from others, arrive at work punctually, follow bureaucratic rules, and experience high levels of boredom without complaining.​

hidden curriculum

Schools with more middle-class students have curricula that emphasize \__________.​

decision making and choice

\__________ theorists do not believe that public schools reduce social inequality in society; rather, they believe that schools perpetuate class, racial/ethnic, and gender inequalities by reinforcing the privileged position of some at the expense of others.​

Conflict

Both religion and education\___________________________.

impart values, beliefs, and knowledge considered essential to the social reproduction of society and the individual

The term \__________ refers to an unsubstantiated belief or prediction resulting in behavior that makes the originally false belief come true.

self-fulfilling prophecy

French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu used the term \__________ to refer to a person's social assets, including knowledge of how to dress, language competency, and knowledge of art and music.​

cultural capital

Early sociologist \__________ saw the responsibility of education as teaching a commitment to a shared social morality. In this way, education is crucial for promoting solidarity and stability in society.​

Emile Durkheim

In the United States, a great many different religious organizations that appeal to a wide variety of different people coexist together. This is termed religious \__________.​

pluralism

Sherona is really good at standardized tests and frequently scores very high. She has poor work habits and often turns in her assignments late. Teachers overlook her late assignments because they view her as a "good" student. This is an example of \__________.

labeling

\__________ is associated with early hunting and gathering societies and with many Native American societies, in which everyday life was not separated from the elements of the natural world.​

Animism

\__________ is the process whereby a person is identified by others as possessing a specific characteristic or exhibiting a certain pattern of behavior (such as being deviant).

Labeling

\_____ is a belief in sacred principles of thought and conduct rather than a god or gods.​

Transcendent idealism

According to the text, \__________societies were among the first to practice monotheism, the belief in a single, supreme being or god who is responsible for significant events such as the creation of the world.​

horticultural

The term for the belief in more than one god is \__________.​

polytheism

Although many factors, including intelligence, motivation, and previous achievement, are important in determining how much education a person will attain, \__________ argue that access to quality education is largely determined by social class.

conflict theorists

\__________ emphasizes the way that religious beliefs and rituals work to bind people together in society.​

Functionalism

Because schools bring together people of similar ages, social class, and race/ethnicity, young people often meet future marriage partners. This latent function of education results in \__________.​

matchmaking and production of social networks

A(n) \__________ function in education includes teaching specific subjects, such as science, mathematics, reading, history, and English.​

manifest

Over time, new educational programs are introduced to meet societal needs. Programs such as sex education, drug education, and multicultural studies have been implemented to teach students about pressing social issues. These examples illustrate the manifest function of education called \__________.​

change and innovation

Sociologists use the term \__________ for a system of sacred or supernatural beliefs, symbols, and rituals that guides human behavior, gives meaning to life, and unites believers into a community.​

religion

\_________ reflects a "proper" attitude toward education, socially approved dress and manners, and knowledge about books, art, music, and other forms of high and popular culture.

Cultural capital

\__________ refers to a decline in the importance of religious ideas, practices, and institutions in everyday life.​

Secularization

Anthropologists believe that human groups have had some form of religion for some \__________ years.​

100,000

From the perspective of \__________, religious ideologies serve to support the status quo and inhibit social change.​

conflict theory

Many see lagging test scores as a sign that problems exist in the nation's educational system. From a \__________ perspective, improved teacher training and more stringent academic requirements for students are the best way to address these problems.​

functionalist

Some functions of education are \___________, which are open, stated, and intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution.​

manifest functions