BIO 39 Lecture Exam #2

What percentage of the global population is colonized by Helicobacter pylori?

50%

______ is a prescription proton-pump inhibitor (PPI).

pantoprazole (Protonix)

Pantoprazole is also known as…

Protonix

Protonix, a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) is also known as…

pantoprazole

What are the Gram stain characteristics of Helicobacter pylori? (G+/G-, Shape, Arrangement)

G-, Spirochete

True or False: High salt intake increases the risk of stomach cancer by thinning the mucous membrane of the stomach.

True

The toxin produced by Helicobacter pylori that is transcriptionally regulated in part by iron.

VacA toxin

Bacterial infection that is diagnosed by both a stool antigen test that detects the specific proteins of the problematic bacteria and a urea breath test which involves measuring the CO2 concentration after swallowing a urea pill.

Helicobacter pylori infection (H. pylori infection)

An indirect measurement of urease activity of Helicobacter pylori.

Urea breath test

Measures the amount of CO2 in breath, an indirect test for urease. People would have higher than usual amounts of CO2 in their breath due to urease activity.

Urea breath test

Direct test for H. pylori. Involves a search for proteins that are specific to this bacterium.

Stool antigen test

How long are beta lactam antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors given to treat a Helicobacter pylori infection.

14-21 days

What two antibiotics are used to treat an Helicobacter pylori infection?

Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin

What are the gram stain characteristics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae? (G+/G-, Shape, Arrangement)

G-, cocci, pairs

What is the infectious agent of gonorrhoeae

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Approximately how many new gonnorhea infections are reported each year in the U.S.?

700,000

Name the infection: With males, burning sensation when peeing may occur. A white, yellow, or green discharge from male genitalia may occur. The presence of painful or swollen testes can occur, however it is rare.

Gonorrhea

Name the infection: In women, burning sensation when peeing may occur. Increased vaginal discharge may occur. Additionally, vaginal bleeding between periods may occur.

Gonorrhea

Inflammation of the fallopian tubes.

Salpingitis

Are mostly males or females with gonorrhea asymptomatic?

Females

Complications of this infection include pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in females, epididymitis in males, infection of the blood (potentially causing sepsis) and joints, and an increased risk of developing HIV.

Gonorrhea

What two antibiotics are the current treatment for gonorrhea?

Ceftriaxone and azithromycin

How are Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) transmitted?

Direct contact, fomites, zoonosis

Immunocompromised patients, patients who take long courses of certain antibiotics, and patients who require ventilators or catheters (urinary or intravenous) are at increased risk of acquiring this.

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE)

Taking antibitoics exactly as your healthcare provider recommends helps to prevent the spread of _________.

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE)

Potential complications for infants who contract this during birth include keratitis (infection of the cornea), opthalmia neonatorum (conjunctivitis in infants), blindness, respiratory tract infections, and pharynx infections (pharyngitis most commonly).

Gonorrhea

What is the most common bacterial agent associated with CAP?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Is Streptococcus pneumoniae a true pathogen or opportunistic normal flora (NF-OP)?

NP-OP

Is Legionella pneumophilac a true pathogen or opportunistic normal flora (NF-OP)?

True Pathogen

Is Legionella pneumophilac or Streptococcus pneumoniae an environmental agent found in freshwater, consequently resulting in its portal of entry being a vehicle mode of transmission?

Legionella pneumophilac

Is Legionella pneumophilac or Streptococcus pneumoniae an intracellular bacterial pathogen?

Legionella pneumophilac

Is Legionella pneumophilac or Streptococcus pneumoniae an extracellular bacterial pathogen?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A disorder present from birth. A general term.

Congenital disease

Similar but distinct to lipopolysaccharides (LPS). They are in the outer membrane, and cause damage to the epithelial cells in the urogenital tract. Secreted by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Lipooligosaccharides

Symptoms of this infection include: dysuria (painful urination), genital tract discharge (± pus and mucous, depending on the extent of the infection), pelvic pain due to localized tissue damage).

Gonorrhea

Painful urination.

Dysuria

Infection of the bladder.

Cystitis

Presence of blood in the urine due to extensive tissue damage all the way into the capillaries of the vasculature. Indicative of advanced infection and disease.

Hematuria

Sexually trasmitted infection that is caused by a bacteria that has a gram stain of G-,Cocci, Pairs.

Gonorrhea

G-, spirochete bacteria that is the causative agent of syphilis.

Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum)

Bacteria that are the causative agent of syphilis and is not well understood because it is very difficult to grow in culture.

Treponema pallidum

Due to a variety of exoenzymes secreted by this bacteria, the disease it causes happens in three stages.

Treponema pallidum

Stage of infection with Treponema pallidum (syphilis) that involves the development of chancre genital lesions 3-6 weeks after infection.

Primary (Stage 1)

Stage of infection with Treponema pallidum (syphilis) that involves the development of a systemic rash on the palms and feet 4-10 weeks after the primary infection. The rash will eventually go away.

Secondary (Stage 2)

True or False: If treatment is provided to syphilis during the primary and secondary stages, the infection will NOT advance to the next stage (the tertiary stage or stage 3) .

True

Stage of infection with Treponema pallidum (syphilis) that involves the development of gummas, which are large tumor lesions of skin, bone, liver, and heart. Occurs 3-15 years (looong time) after the primary infection.

Tertiary (Stage 3)

Bacterial pathogen that is the causative agent of syphilis.

Treponema pallidum

What are the Gram stain characteristics of Treponema pallidum? (G+/G-, Shape, Arrangement). Note: gram stains of T. pallidum are not conventional as it cannot be cultured and the cells are too narrow/small to be seen by a standard hospital microscopy.

G-, spirochete

Large tumor lesions of skin, bone, liver, and heart. Develop in the tertiary stage of syphilis.

Gummas

Complication with transfer of syphilis to newborn during natural birth. Occurs when Treponema pallidum comes in contact with newborn in birth canal.

Congenital syphilis

There has been a massive resurgence of syphilis since 2017, with a ______% increase from 2017.

185%

True or False: Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, has no antibiotic resistance.

True

What are the three antibiotics used to treat Treponema pallidum infections (Syphilis)?

Penicillin, ceftriaxone, doxycycline

Diagnosed by utilizing rapid plasma reagent (RPR) and venereal disease research lab (VDRL) blood tests.

Syphilis (Treponema pallidum infections)

Transmission form of Chlamydia trachomatis. Form is not metabolically active and does not undergo binary fission. More environmentally resistant than the other form of Chlamydia trachomatis.

Elemental Body (EB form)

Bacterial species that is the causative agent of Chlamydia.

Chlamydia trachomatis

This bacteria has two functional, morphological/shape forms that have two different functions.

Chlamydia trachomatis

Pathogenic form of Chlamydia trachomatis. Metabolically active, produces exoenzymes, capable of binary fission, damages human cells. This form causes disease .

Reticulate Body (RB form)

True or False: The elemental body form is the form of Chlamydia trachomatis that causes disease and is metabolically active.

False (- reticulate body form is the form of Chlamydia trachomatis that is metabolically active and causes disease)

True or False: Chlamydia trachomatis is an extracellular pathogen.

False (- it is an intracellular pathogen)

True or False: The reticulate forms destroying a host cell from the inside out will convert themselves into elemental body forms upon sensing the imminent death of the host cell.

True

The fertilization of an egg outside the uterus that can occur as a result of the formation of scar tissue from tissue damage by an infection such as gonorrhea or chlamydia.

Ectopic pregnancy

An infection of the female reproductive organs (uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries). Typically caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

What is the most common sexually transmitted infection?

Chlamydia

How many cases of chlamydia were there in the U.S. in 2021?

1.6 million

True or False: Chlamydia trachomatis has no gram stain or culture because the reticulate body form cannot show up on a slide and cannot be cultured.

True

What are the antibiotics used to treat chlamydia?

azithromycin, doxycycline

Bacterial species that is the causative agent of Lyme Disease.

Borrelia burgdorferi

What are the Gram stain characteristics of Borrelia burgdorferi? (G+/G-, Shape, Arrangement).

G-, spirochete

Some other animal that can transmit the infectious agent from one individual to another is an example of this mode of transmission.

Vector

Bacteria that transmits to a host via Ixodes ticks, a blood consuming insect. The tick injects bacteria of another person into the dermis of the host during its next blood meal.

Borrelia burgdorferi

How many cases of Lyme disease are there in the U.S. every year?

30,000

What is the standard antibiotic used to treat Lyme disease? Note: Borrelia burgdorferi is NOT antibiotic resistant.

Doxycycline

Internal structure of bacteria that functions to synthesize proteins by linking amino acids.

Ribosome

True or False: ribosomes of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms cells are the same size.

False (- ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than the ones in eukaryotes)

What is the mass/weight of bacterial ribosomes?

70S

True or False: Ribosomes are a target for antibiotics since bacterial ribosomes are smaller in bacteria than in host cells, allowing for selective toxicity (a requirement for antibiotics).

True

What are the eight types of antibiotics that target bacterial ribosomes? (Think: Clever Microbes Always Lurk, So Our Proteins Fail)

Cyclinics, Macrolides, Aminogycosides, Lincosamides, Streptogramins, Oxazolidones, Pleuromutilin, Fluorocycline,

Tetracycline is an example of this ribosome antibiotic.

Cyclinics

Doxycycline is an example of this ribosome antibiotic.

Cyclinics

Omadacycline is also known as…

Nuzyra

The ribosome antibiotic, Nuzyra, is also known as…

Omadacycline

Omadacycline is an example of this type of ribosome antibiotic. Note: Omadacycline is reserved for very multi-drug resistant bacterial strains.

Cyclinics

Erythromycin is an example of this ribosome antibiotic.

Macrolides

Azithromycin is an example of this ribosome antibiotic.

Macrolides

Ribosome antibiotics that require intravenous line administration for hospitalized patients.

Aminoglycosides

Ribosome antibiotics that are associated with kidney toxicity.

Aminoglycosides

Gentamicin is an example of this ribosome antibiotic.

Aminoglycosides

Tobramycin is an example of this ribosome antibiotic.

Aminoglycosides

Kanamycin is an example of this ribosome antibiotic.

Aminoglycosides

Clindamycin is an example of this ribosome antibiotic.

Lincosamides

Ribosome antibiotics that have very good tissue penetration for skin and soft tissue infections. Has quick exit from blood into infected tissue.

Lincosamides

Ribosome antibiotics that are often used for skin and soft tissue infections.

Lincosamides

What is the mnemonic that is used to remember the 8 ribosome antibiotic groups?

Clever Microbes Always Lurk So Our Proteins Fail

Zithromax is also called…

azithromycin

Azithromycin is also called…

Zithromax

Clarithromycin is an example of this ribosome antibiotic.

Macrolides

Biaxin is also called…

Clarithromycin

Clarithromycin is also called…

Biaxin

Ribosome antibiotics that are used exclusively for multi-drug resistant G+ bacteria. Can be used for MRSA or VRE.

Streptogramins, Pleuromutilins