BSCI201 Practical 2

6 bones with a left and right

rib, clavicle, scapular, humerus, femur, tibia

number of cranial bones

8 cranial bones

classification for most cranial bones

flat bones

number of cranial bones that are paired

2 are paired bones

number of facial bones

14 facial bones

classification for facial bones

irregular bones

sutures

connects most cranial and facial bones

4 major sutures

coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous

hyoid bone location

in the throat, superior to the larynx`

shape of hyoid bone

horseshoe-shaped

hyoid bone classification

irregular bone

attachment of hyoid bone

tongue + many neck muscles

2 composite bones in the vertebral column

sacrum + coccyx

number of fused vertebrae in sacrum

5 fused vertebrae

number of fused vertebrae in coccyx

3-5 fused vertebrae

vertebral body

rounded central portion of vertebra; faces anteriorly

vertebral arch (made of)

pedicles + laminae

vertebral foremen

opening between the body and vertebral arch

vertebra spinous process

single projection from posterior of the vertebral arch

vertebra transverse processes

two lateral projections from the vertebral arch

vertebra superior articular processes

face toward the spinous process

vertebra inferior articular processes

face away from the spinous process

cervical body shape

wide, oval

cervical spinous process

short, bifid, projects almost horizontally

cervical transverse process

contains foramina

thoracic body shape

heart shaped; has 2 costal facets

thoracic spinous process

long, sharp, projects inferiorly

thoracic transverse process

has facets (for ribs)

lumbar body shape

large, kidney-shaped

lumbar spinous process

short, blunt, rectangular

lumbar transverse process

thin, pointed

Sternum parts

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

number of ribs

12 ribs

the vertebrae attached to the ribs

thoracic vertebrae

true ribs

ribs 1-7; directly connect to sternum via costal cartilagef

false ribs

ribs 8-12; attach indirectly to sternum or lack anterior attachment

costal cartilage

hyaline cartilage; connects ribs to sternum

head of rib articulates with…

costal facet on body of a thoracic vertebra

tubercle of rib articulates with…

costal facet on transverse process of a thoracic vertebra

right and left differentiation of ribs

1. Sharp edge faces inferior

2. Head is posterior

3. Anterior rib is narrower (part closer to sternum)

Pectoral girdle bones

clavicle + scapula

upper extremity bones

humerus, radius, ulna, bones of wrist, palm, hand

pelvic girdle bones

coxal bones (ilium, ischium, pubis)

lower extremity bones

femur, patella, tibia, fibula, bones of ankle and foot

clavicle; sternal end direction

toward the midline

clavicle; acromial end function

articulates with scapula laterally

clavicle; conoid tubercle direction

posterior and inferior

scapula; lateral side

acromion, coracoid process, glenoid cavity

scapula; spine direction

posteriorly

humerus head location

proximal/superior

trochlea + capitulum location

anterior and distal/inferior

right and left differentiation of humerus

when trochlea faces you, if head points right → right humerus

radius and ulna connection

interosseous membrane

radius position

lateral bone of forearm

radius head location

proximal/superior

radius styloid process location

distal/inferior

ulna postion

medial bone

ulna olecranon location

proximal/superior; hooks into the humerus

ulna head + styloid location

distal/inferior

carpals

short bones of the wrist

metacarpals

long bones of the palm

metacarpals numbered

1-5 starting at the pollex (thumb); long bones

phalanges

long bones of the fingers

number of phalanges per hand

14 (each finger has 3; thumb has 2)

phalanx segments

proximal, middle, distal

singular of phalanges

phalanx

pelvic girdle (axial)

sacrum and coccyx

pelvic girdle (appendicular)

paired coal bones (hip bones)

formation of coxal bones

ilium, ischium, pubis

acetabulum

articulation for the femur

femur head direction

medially

femur intercondylar fossa direction

posteriorly

femur patellar surface direction

anterior

patellar role

makes up the kneecap; sesamoid bone

tibia and fibula connection

interosseous membrane

tibia: tibial tuberosity location

proximal and anterior

tibia: medial malleolus location

distal/inferior; “bump” on medial ankle

fibula head location

proximal/superior

fibula: lateral malleolus location

distal/inferior, “bump” on lateral ankle

tarsals

short bones of the ankle/foot. the ankle bones

calcaneus

heel bone

metatarsals

long bones of the foot

metatarsals number

1-5 starting with the hallux (big toe)

number of phalanges (foot)

14 (each toes has 3; hallux has 2)

toe phalanx segments

proximal, middle, distal

Frontal bone

“crown” suture (runs ear-to-ear like a headband)

Parietal bones

Superior + lateral sides of skull (“top/sides”)

Sagittal suture

along midline (“sagittal = arrow straight down the middle”)

Coronal suture

crown/headband

Squamous suture

between parietal & temporal (“squama = scale” on side)

Lambdoid suture

posterior (“lambda” shape on back)

Temporal bone

Side of skull; around ear; part of zygomatic arch

External acoustic meatus

ear canal opening

Mastoid process

“bump behind ear” (mastoiditis pain area)

Styloid process

thin “stylus/needle” spike

Zygomatic process

makes cheek arch

Mandibular fossa

TMJ socket (jaw hinge)

Stylomastoid foramen

between styloid & mastoid (facial nerve exits)

Jugular foramen

jugular vein exit

Carotid canal

carotid artery passage