anatomy ch 16

last one

women will ovulate ______ of the 1-2 million eggs she was initially born with

300-400

how many sperm men produce in a lifetime

500 billion

pH of the vagina

4\.5

pH of semen

7\.4

nerve impulses move in excess of \___ mph during coitus

160

males are sex \____

determinent

develop and secrete sperm

exocrine

produce and secrete sex hormones (testosterone)

endocrine

what is the scrotum useful for?

keeping testes at warm temperature for spermatogenesis

help keep testes at warm temperature, pull testes up

cremaster muscles

coiled tube where sperm mature

epididymis

more sperm to ejaculatory ducts which then move it to urethra

vas deferens

seminal vesicle contributes \___ of fluid released during ejaculation

70%

seminal vesicle is prostaglandins sperm's

“backstage pass”

produces spermine which ensures sperm motility, secretions important for fertility, weighs approx 30g, about the size of a chesnut

prostate

makes semen thinner

prostate specific antigen

produces an alkaline mucus to help lubcricate the urethra and meatus so all semen flow easier, exocrine glands

bulbourethral (cowper’s) gland

pre-ejaculate helps minimize

acidic urine that may still be in urethra

sperm mature in __*____*_____, travel into _______ to _______

epidydimis, vas deferens, urethra

seminal vesicles produce fructose-rich \___

viscous fluid

prostate gland produces a basic fluid (semen) to \___

reduce vagina acidity

bulbourethral (cowper's) glands secrete \___

basic mucus

main male sex hormone, develops secondary sex characteristics, controls formation and descent of testes, necessary for spermatogenisis, affects anabolism

testosterone

process by which sperm form in the testes

spermatogenesis

allows for haploid gametes to be produced

meiosis

baby gets \___ haploid set from mother and \___ haploid set from father, so they have two alleles for every gene

one

undergo mitosis, one cell remains spermatogonium, ther becomes a primary spermatocyte

spermatogonium (spermatogonia)

spermatogenesis is aided by \___

sertoli cells

secrete testosterone

leydig cells

first step in sperm process

made in seminiferous tubules

second step in sperm process

stored in the epididymis

third step in sperm process

travel through vas deferens to urethra

fourth step in sperm process

ejaculated into female to find egg

contains chromosomes, contains chemicals for entering egg

head of sperm

provides mobility, propelling sperm forward

tail of sperm

3 parts of sperm

head, mid-piece, and tail

cap on the head of sperm which contains digestive enzymes,

aerosome

average volume of sperm

1\.56 ml

average count of sperm

can range from 15-250

when erectile tissue fills with blood causing erection so coitus can take place

erection

opening between vagina and uterus

cervix

smooth muscular tube; birth canal

vagina

located to left and right of vaginal foramen, are peasized glands that are analugous to more bulbourethral glands

Bartholin’s glands

function of Bartholin's glands

secrete a mucus to lubricate the vagina

urethra opening, vaginal opening and clitoris

vestibule

space between fourchette and anus

paraniam

produce ova, estrogen, and progesterone

ovaries

go from ovaries to uterus, hormonal site of fertalization

fallopian tubes

3 layers of uterus

endometrium, myometrium, peremetrium

where fetus implants, vascular

endometrium

smooth muscles of uterus

myometrium

outer layer of uterus

peremetrium

2 regions of cervix

ectocervix, endocervix

projects into vagina and is made of stratified squamous non-keritanized epithelium

ectocervix

is more "inside" of cervix and is made of mucus secreting simple columnar epithelium

endocervix

purpose of endocervix:

gatekeeper

3 parts of paramesonephric ducts

cranial, horizontal, caudal

becomes the fallopian tubes

cranial

becomes the fallopian tubes

horizontal

fuses to form the uterus, cervix, and upper 1/3 of vagina

caudal

lower 2/3 of the vagina is formed by \___

sinovaginal bulbgs

diploid cells present at 4 months gestation

oogenia

begin meiosis but stop during prophase 1

primary oocytes

primary oocytes continue to \___

metaphase II

female mammal produces and secretes milk to young

lactation

first menses of a human female (Greek for beginning of month)

menarche

periodic shedding of uterine endometrium

menses

cessation of the ovaries to release estrogen

menopause

average age of menopause is \___ but is decreasing

51

anterior pituitary secretes FSH and LH, endometirum starts building up, estrogen dominates

follicular phase

ovulation, estrogen and progesterone (dominates) produced

luteal phase

menses happens when ____

oocyte is not fertalized within 8-24 hours

builds up endometirum for pregnancy, "pro-gestation"

progesterone

maintains female reproductive organs, initiates secondary sex characteristics

estrogen

together with FSH and LH, estrogen sends \___

positive feedback to mature ovum

zygote forms from tiny sperm and much larger 23 chromosomes

fertalization

occur when another oocyte is ovulated and another sperm fertalizes it

fraternal twins

occur when the dividing cells seperate

identical twins

process of childbirth, begins with labor

partruition

\___ causes contactions (positive feedback)

oxytocin

about 12 cells, 3 days old

morula stage

forms a fluid-filled cavity called a blastcoel and a hollow sphere called a blastocyst, trophoblast burrows into endometrium \= implantation

blastula stage

outer cells of blastocytes

trophablast

inner cell mass takes shape and differentiates into: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

gastrula change

neural tube forms and organogenisis begins

nerula stage

placenta has _ arteries

2

placenta has _ vein

1

arteries carry \___ blood

deoxygenated blood

vein carries \___ blood

oxygenated

mother's body attacks baby bc of different rH factors in blood

embryoblastosis fetalus

highlights of week 1-2 of pregnancy

implantation

week 3

heart begins to beat

week 4

muscle embryonic development begins

week 6

upper limb buds (fingers) form

week 7

heart is now beating 140-150 bpm

week 9

fetus about 1-1 1/2 inch

week 13-16

fetus can feel pain, such thumb, sense light

week 20

mother begins to feel fetal movement called "the quickening"

week 24

eyelids begin to part, baby hiccups

week 28

tastebuds developed, putting on fat