study guide exam 3

hypothalamus integrates neural and endocrine activities via three mechanisms

acts as an endocrine organ, secretes regulatory hormones, contains automatic nervous system centers

hypothalamic neurons produce the what hormones?

ADH and OXT

main endocrine organs for brain

pituitary gland, hypothalamus brain, pineal gland

main endocrine organs for neck

thyroid gland, parathyroid glands

main endocrine organ for abdomen

pancreas

cells of the anterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland

thyrotropes, corticotropes, gonadotropes, lactotropes, somatotropes

cells of the Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland

neurohypophysis, neurosecretions (ADH, OXT)

T3 and T4 are primarily responsible for

regulation of metabolism

calcitonin ____ calcium levels

decrease

adrenal medulla

epinephrine, norepinephrine (adrenaline/noadrenaline)

aldosterone

promotes water retention

Pancreas function has two structures

exocrine, endocrine

kidneys release ____ into the bloodstream.

renin

Aldosterone causes the kidneys to put _____ into the bloodstream.

sodium and water

endocrine fuctions of the kidneys

responding to low red blood or decreased oxygen levels , EPO (increased RBCs)

urinary system functions

eliminates fluid, regulates blood pressure and volume, regulates electrolytes in blood, eliminates metabolic waste from blood, helpds stabilize blood pH

kidneys are sitting in the ____ space behind the digestive tract

retroperitoneal

urine flow

kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

the kidneys are ____ covered by the lowest ribs

partially

hilum is where the ______ physically link up with the kidney

renal artery, renal vein, ureter

sequential movement of urine

minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter

main parts of nephron

PCT, nephron loop, DST

smooth muscle in bladder wall is

detrusor

internal urethral sphincter

smooth muscle, involuntary

external urethral sphincter

skeletal muscle, voluntary

the ____ muscles attach to bony features of the ___ skeleton

axial, axial

axial musculature

muslces that position the head and vertebral column and move the rib cage

extra-ocular muscles do what

move the eyeball

muscles of mastication do what

chew

muscles of the pharynx

throat wall

sternocleidomastoid

sternal and clavicular head

what cranial nerve innervates these expressive muscles

facial never (CN VII)

superior oblique draws eye ___

laterally and inferiorly

inferior oblique draws the eye ___

laterally and superiorly

the ____ muscle of the left eye allows the patient to look to her left

lateral rectus

the ____ muscle of the right eye allows the patient to look to her left

medial rectus

what allows the mandible to elevate in order crush food in the mouth

temporalis and masseter

what muscles of the tongue help break down/swallow food

Palatoglossus (cut)

Styloglossus

Genioglossus

Hyoglossus

Digastric/mylohyoid elevate ____

hypoid and larynx

Sternohyoid/sternothyroid/ omohyoid depress

hypod and larynx

splenius

extention of cervial spine, same side lat flexion and lat rotation

What major nerve structures emerge between anterior and middle scalene

roots of the brachial plexus (C5-T1)

The intercostal muscles maintain the stability of the ____ spaces

intercostal

what muscles help with spinal flexion and abdominal compression

external oblique, internal oblique, and rectus abdominis

movements of the diaphragm during the phases of breathing

The joints that are most stable have the least

mobility. EX ___

least, elbow

The joints that have the most mobility are the least ____ EX ____

least, shoudler

The principal purpose of the upper limb is to manipulate and position

the ____

hand

The collarbone is acting as a ____ to hold the arm up in place.

strut

The ___ is usually fractured due to a fall onto an outstretched hand.

clavicle

The one bony connection between the axial and appendicular skeletal regions.

sternoclavicular joint

What side of the body does this scapula sit on

right

arm

humerus

forearm

ulna, radius

wrist

carpal bones

palm

metacarpal bones

fingers

phalanges

The forearm is in a supinated position. In this position, the radius sits ____ and the ulna sits ____.

laterally, medially

funny bone

medial and lateral epicondyle

Olecranon fossa

ulna hooks and elbow hinges

ulna and radius side

pinky and thumb

olecranon

bump on back of elbow

Proximal Carpal Bones from lateral to medial

Scaphoid

• Lunate

• Triquetrum

• Pisiform

The Distal Carpal Bones from lateral to medial

• Trapezium

• Trapezoid

• Capitate

• Hamate

In the skin, what do you call the features that create

fingerprints?

Dermal ridges

the epidermis does not contain a vascular supply

true

most superficial layer of the epidermis

stratum corneum

Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle

originate on the axial skeleton and insert on the clavicle and scapula.

Muscles That Move the Arm

originate on the pectoral girdle and the thoracic cage and insert on the humerus

muscles That Move the forearm and Hand

primarily originate on the pectoral girdle and humerus and insert on the radius, ulna, and/or carpals.

What actions are associated with the positioning of the pectoral girdle?

Elevation; depression; protraction; retraction; superior/upward rotation; inferior/downward rotation

What actions are associated with moving the forearm at the elbow?

Flexion; extension

What actions are associated with moving the hand at the wrist?

Flexion; extension; abduction (radial deviation); adduction (ulnar deviation)

What actions are associated with the movements of the individual fingers?

Flexion; extension; abduction; adduction; opposition (thumb & pinky)

Action lines or Direction of Pull

consider the direction(s) a muscle’s fibers cross a joint, and think about the joint structure itself

Muscle that inserts close to the joint

spurt

Muscle that inserts far away from the joint

Shunt

What is the net movement that occurs when all the heads of the deltoid muscle contract together as a unit?

Abduction of the arm at the shoulder.

Median nerve goes through the _____; it may be compressed.

carpal tunnel