PSYC final 2nd quarter e

In their study with anesthetized patients, Bonebakker, et al. (19969) used a word-stem completion task to study ___ memory.

In their study with anesthetized patients, Bonebakker, et al. (19969) used a word-stem completion task to study ___ memory.

implicit

Which of the following is a form of non-associative learning that weakens input-attention-driven reflexive orienting responses?

Habituation

In their study of spotlight attention, Posner, Snyder, and Davidson (1980) used ___ as their dependent variable.

reaction time

When one changes the number of distractors present during a visual search, performance also changes if the search target is defined by a ___ rule.

conjunctive

A speed-accuracy trade-off is in evidence when a person ___.

All the above

After a visual target is processed, a target presented shortly thereafter cannot be processed. This phenomenon is called ___.

attentional blink

When the flicker paradigm is used to study ___, people's ability to detect differences between two highly similar images is assessed.

change blindness

Simons and Chabris (1999) had research participants watch a video of two teams of people passing basketballs. Their procedure allowed them to study a phenomenon called ___.

inattentional blindness

In Broadbent's (1958) ___ theory the data selector corresponds to an attentional mechanism.

early-filter

Cherry (1953) conducted research on auditory attention that employed a ___ task in which two messages are presented simultaneously.

dichotic listening

Studies that employed dichotic listening and shadowing demonstrated that people failed to notice when ___.

unattended messages changed from normal speech to backwards speech

The cocktail party phenomenon indicates that the ___ can be controlled by semantic content.

attentional mechanism

The critical finding from Corteen and Wood (1972) was that previously unheard city names presented in the unattended channel resulted in ___.

GSRs

The key finding of Lackner and Garrett (1972) was that the semantic content of ___ can influence the interpretation of ambiguous words presented in the attended channel.

unattended messages

Consistent with their multimode model, Johnson and Heinz (1978) found that ___ attentional selection is less costly than ___ selection.

data-driven; conceptually-driven

The duration of short-term memory was established using the Brown-Peterson paradigm which involved using a___.

rehearsal prevention task

George Miller (1956) employed the ___to determine the capacity of short-term memory.

digit span task

Baddeley (1966) found evidence for semantic confusion when people tried to recall long lists of___.

meaningfully-related words

Murdock (1962) plotted serial position curves by testing ___ for word lists of varying lengths.

free recall

Wickens' (1972) observation of ___ indicates that short-term memory can be influenced by semantic factors.

-retroactive interference
-release from proactive interference
-release from retroactive interference

Waugh and Norman (1965) used the probe-digit task to demonstrate that ___ forgetting is due to interference, not decay.

-long-term
-All the above
-None of the above

Craik and Watkins (1973) used the G-word task to demonstrate that ___ does not always improve long-term memory.

rote rehearsal

The process of chunking allows the ___of short-term memory to be much greater than Miller's "magic number".

capacity

Which of the following is a function of the central executive according to Baddeley's (1986) working memory model?

Goal-directed retrieval from the long-term memory store

Working memory is best conceived as a ___.

set of processes that act upon the long-term memory store

According to Baddeley's (1986) working memory model the ___ keeps information active via a subvocal rehearsal mechanism.

phonological loop

Sternberg (1969) used an immediate memory-scanning task to study the way that information activated by working memory is examined. Sternberg expected to observe which of the following if self-terminating serial scanning occurred.

All the above

Baddeley, Thomas, and Buchanan (1975) found that ___ eliminated the word length effect.

articulatory suppression

In their study of the relationship between working memory span and the cocktail party phenomenon, Conway, Cowan, and Bunting (2001) found that people with large working memory spans ___.

were less likely to exhibit the cocktail party phenomenon than people with small spans

The grid-shading task is thought to place demands on the ____.

visual aspect of the visuospatial sketchpad

DESCRIBE IN DETAIL THE LAST TIME YOU WATCHED A MOVIE WITH A FRIEND OR FAMILY MEMBER.

Responding to the request above requires one to make use of ___ memory.

episodic

Which of the following is an ill-defined concept?

RED

Which of the following is the most subordinate concept?

GOLDEN RETRIEVER

Labov (1973) asked research participants to identify drawings of objects as CUP or BOWL. His data indicated that the boundaries between ___.

natural categories have context-sensitive boundaries

Which of the following is an irrelevant dimension for the concept OLD BLUE CAR?

All the above

Object recognition is easiest when the object ___.

is viewed from the canonical perspective

The concept TALL DARK & HANDSOME is defined by a ___ rule.

conjunctive

According to Biederman's (1987, 1990) RBC theory, successful object recognition depends upon the identification of the relevant ___.

geons

___ features are important to Smith, Shoben and Rips' (1973) feature set theory of object recognition?

semantic

Which of the following is a problem for prototype theories of object recognition?

They cannot account for context effects.

Posner and Keele (1968) measured ___ in their study of dot pattern categorization.

endorsement rates

According to ___, concepts correspond to nodes within a semantic network.

the TLC model

Which of the following predicts that a category size effect should be observed for the statement verification task?

The TLC model

Which of the following suggests that conceptual memory is organized in a strictly hierarchical fashion?

None of the above

Which of the following theories places the greatest demands upon the long-term store to account for object recognition?

Exemplar theory

Anarthric patients with a total inability to articulate showed the "classic pattern of phonological similarity and word length effects," leading Baddeley to conclude that their ___.

phonological loop processing was normal

Patient PV exhibited a deficit limited to ___, suggesting that PV's brain damage affected the ___.

verbal STM; phonological loop

Patient PV learned word pairs normally when they were in her native language but not when they were in a language she did not know. This led Baddeley to conclude that the ___.

phonological loop is a language learning device

Which of the following observations led Baddeley to conclude that phonological loop limitations result in slowed vocabulary development?

Children with specific language impairment were impaired on the non-word repetition task.

The non-word repetition task is used to assess the functioning of the ___.

phonological loop

Based on changes in her everyday life as well as performance on laboratory testing procedures, Baddeley believes that patient LE's brain damage has affected her ___.

visuospatial sketchpad

Baddeley points out that the idea of central-executive-as-homunculus will be "retired" when ___.

its functions are fully explained

Neuropsychologists try to learn about the brain by studying the behavior of patients who have sustained non-experimental, unintentional brain damage. As was the case with patient RJ, interpreting the behavior of such patients can be very difficult when brain damage is ___.

extensive and complex

Baddeley has reason to believe that studies of patients with Alzheimer's disease are useful to better understanding the ___.

central executive

Baddeley finds behavior-based terms to be more useful than anatomy-based terms. For this reason, rather than focusing on ___, Baddeley prefers to focus on___.

frontal lobe syndrome; dysexecutive syndrome

Posner, Snyder, & Davidson (1980; Lecture 07) used ___ as an independent variable and ___ as a dependent variable.

cue validity; reaction time

Treisman and Gelade (1980; Lecture 07) used ___ as an independent variable.

rule type

Treisman and Gelade (1980; Lecture 07) used ___ as a dependent variable.

search time

Which of the following was a dependent variable in Wolfe, Horowitz and Kenner (2005; Lecture 07)?

None of the above

The key measurement in Wolfe, Horowitz and Kenner (2005; Lecture 07) was the number of ___.

misses

The key measurement in Menneer, Cave and Donnelley (2009; Lecture 07) was the number of ___.

hits

Which of the following was used by Maratos, Mogg and Bradley (2008; Lecture 07) as an independent variable?

Second-face type

In Maratos, Mogg and Bradley (2008; Lecture 07) one independent variable had ___levels and the other ___ levels.

two; had eight

In Simons and Chabris (1999; Lecture 07), type of counting task was used as a(n) ___.

independent variable

In Simons and Chabris (1999; Lecture 07), the video presentation was used as a(n) ___.

constant

Bonebakker et al. (1996) used a ___ to demonstrate memory for words heard by patients who were anesthetized.

word-stem completion task

The process whereby one learns not to respond to an innocuous stimulus is called ___.

habituation

Deciding to risk making errors in order to provide very fast responses illustrates the ___.

speed-accuracy trade-off

Maratos, Mogg and Bradley (2008) used the RSVP procedure to demonstrate that the duration of the attentional blink can be altered by ___.

emotional stimuli

In which of the following situations is visual search expected to be most difficult?

Low prevalence targets are used with difficult-to-process stimuli

In studies that involve dichotic listening the purpose of the shadowing task is to ___.

prevent channel-switching

Corteen and Wood (1972) measured GSRs after research participants completed a classical conditioning procedure. They found that the presentation of ___ resulted in especially strong responses, indicating that unattended stimuli can activate their meanings.

new city names to the to-be-ignored channel

According to the multimode model (Johnson and Heinz, 1978) attentional selection ___.

is "expensive" when it occurs late in processing

The Stroop effect illustrates the ___ nature of automatic word-meaning activation?

unintentional and unconscious

Posner and Boies (1971) studied letter encoding using a dual-task paradigm. For any particular task trial, measurements made ___ were of special interest to the researchers.

when the first letter was presented

Short-term memory is a(n) ___, whereas the short-term store is a(n) ___.

observable phenomenon; cognitive construct

The Brown-Peterson paradigm was used to determine the ___.

duration of short-term memory

Miller's (1956) magic number refers to the ___.

capacity limits of short-term memory

According to the modal model (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968), information held in ___ is mentally represented using a semantic code.

the long-term store

With his demonstration of release from proactive interference, Wickens (1972) found that a ___.

semantic factor can influence short-term memory

Which of the following is not a “slave” component of Baddeley’s working memory model?

Central executive

How many memory stores are referenced by Baddeley's working memory model?

one

Rosen and Engle (1997) found that a secondary digit-monitoring task had which of the following effects on verbal fluency task performance?

Performance was impaired for high working memory span participants.

The Corsi blocks task was used by Della Sala, Gray, Baddeley, Alamano, and Wilson (1999) to influence the ___.

spatial aspect of the visuo-spatial sketchpad

Which of the following is considered evidence supporting Baddeley's concept of the phonological loop?

The word-length effect

GROUCHY OLD MEN is an example of a(n) ___ category rule.

conjunctive

A mental image that corresponds to a copy of the sensory pattern resulting from experience with an object is called a(n) ___.

template

Labov (1973) had people name objects as either cups or bowls and found that the two concepts seem to be defined by ___.

context-sensitive fuzzy boundaries

Which type of concept is associated with fuzzy boundaries?

Natural categories

According to Biederman (1990), object recognition requires the decomposition of a visual image into its constituent ___.

geons

Feature set theory is considered inadequate because for most categories it is impossible to identify the ___.

defining features

Posner and Keele (1968) found that people were most likely to classify dot patterns as belonging to the incidentally learned category when the pattern ___.

was not previously studied

Exemplar theories of concept representation can account for ___.

memory for both general and specific concepts

According to the category size effect, statements about members of large categories should be ___ compared to members of small categories.

verified slowly

According to feature set theory, Stage II processing is required to recognize an object that is ___.

atypical of the category to which it belongs