Sociology Exam 2

Broken Windows Theory

A theory suggesting that visible signs of disorder (such as broken windows, graffiti, or minor offenses) encourage more serious crimes

Stop-and-frisk policing

A policing practice where individuals are stopped by police and searched for weapons or illegal items without a warrant

Quality of life campaigns

Policies or initiatives focused on improving the livability of urban spaces, often by reducing minor offenses or addressing public nuisances like loitering or public urination

Ballet of the sidewalk

Social order kept through actively and continuously making use of sidewalks

Eyes on the street

How the presence of people, particularly public characters, in public spaces can contribute to the safety and stability of the community by their presence

Normalization of deviance

The process by which behaviors that were once considered deviant or unacceptable become normalized or accepted over time

Loyalty trap

 A situation in which individuals are caught between competing demands of loyalty—working for an organization—and their moral compass

Moral dissonance

A situation in which an individual's moral values conflict with their actions 

Professional moral conflict

A situation in which an individual’s profession/responsibilities clash with their moral values

Mutual toleration

A concept in which political parties or groups recognize the legitmacy of their opponents

Forbearance

Refers to a civil servants ability to withhold judgement for a policy passed by an organization to remain neutral

Serial partisanship

Civil servants are committed and politically loyal to the constitution

Nonpartisanship

The principle of remaining neutral and not aligning with any particular political party

Personal moral conflict

A situation in which civil servants personal values clash with professional duties

Neutralization techniques

Strategies used to justify behavior that would normally be considered unethical or immoral

Moral courage

The ability to stand up for one's moral beliefs and values, even in the face of significant personal or professional risk

Race

A social construct used to categorize people based on physical characteristics (skin, facial features, etc.)

Racism

Prejudicial beliefs, attitudes, and actions that promote discrimination and inequality based on race

Overt racism

Explicit forms of racism (racial slurs, discriminatory laws, etc.)

Covert Racism

Subtle forms of racism that result in discrimination and unequal treatment (Jim Crow Laws and policies in War on Drugs)

Racial caste system

A system of racial stratification that confines people of certain races to subordinate status

Structural racism

The systematic ways that racial inequality is embedded in society’s structures (judicial system, education, employment)

Racial stigma

The negative stereotypes that are attached to people of certain races

Racial indifference

A lack of awareness about racial injustice (framed by colorblindness)

Racial bribe

Discriminatory practices that give a false sense of racial superiority to a group of people

Geographies of exclusion

The physical and social separation of racial groups through

System of remote control

Describes how immigration enforcement operates beyond immediate border which impacts undocumented individuals through policies like deportation and workplace raids that affects their daily lives

Classical Assimilation Theory

Immigration overtime will gradually adopt the cultural norms, values, and behaviors of a certain society

Suggests that everyone follows the same path to be incorporated into society

Segmented Assimilation Theory

Suggests that immigrants may assimilate into different segments of society depending on factors like race, class, and immigration status

Everyone doesn’t follow the same path to be incorporated into society

Social citizenship

The rights and access to resources (healthcare, education, and employment) that individuals claim based on their membership in society

Transition to illegality

The process by wich individuals who were once in the country legally become undocumented due to changes in their status

Master Status

A social identity that overshadows all other identities

Liminality

Being stuck “in between” and have a lacking sense of belonging

Early-Exiters

Undocumented youth who don’t attend college and drop out due to external factors

College-Goers

Undocumented youth who manage to navigate barriers to higher education despite their legal status