Exam 2

Phospholipid Bilayer

Controls what enters and exits the cell; hydrophobic tails prevent water-soluble substances from passing freely.

Nucleus

DNA storage and control center of the cell.

Mitochondria

Energy production through the synthesis of ATP.

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis in the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Two types: Smooth ER for lipid synthesis and Rough ER for protein processing.

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and ships proteins within the cell.

Lysosomes

Organelles responsible for digestion and waste removal.

Peroxisomes

Involved in detoxification processes in the cell.

Simple Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy.

Facilitated Diffusion

Transport of larger molecules using transport proteins without energy.

Passive Transport

General term for diffusion and osmosis that does not require energy.

Active Transport

Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient requiring ATP.

Osmosis

Water movement through a semipermeable membrane to balance solute concentration.

Endocytosis

Process where the cell engulfs material; includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

Exocytosis

Process by which the cell expels material using vesicles.

Osmotic Pressure

Tendency of water to move to areas with higher solute concentration.

Hypertonic Solution

Solution with a higher solute concentration outside the cell, causing it to shrink.

Hypotonic Solution

Solution with a lower solute concentration outside the cell, causing it to swell or burst.

Isotonic Solution

Solution where solute concentrations are equal, resulting in no net water movement.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Type of epithelium found in lungs (alveoli) and blood vessels (capillaries).

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Type of epithelium found in the digestive tract (small intestine and stomach lining).

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Type of epithelium found in skin, esophagus, mouth, and vagina.

Transitional Epithelium

Type of epithelium found in the bladder and ureters that allows stretching.

Endocrine Glands

Glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream, such as thyroid and adrenal glands.

Exocrine Glands

Glands that secrete substances through ducts, like sweat and salivary glands.

Fibroblasts

Cells that produce fibers and ground substance in connective tissue.

Macrophages

Cells that engulf pathogens and debris in connective tissue.

Mast Cells

Cells that release histamine during inflammation in connective tissue.

Adipocytes

Cells that store fat in connective tissue.

Chondrocytes

Cells that are found in cartilage.

Osteocytes

Cells found in bone tissue.

Collagen Fibers

Strong and flexible fibers found in tendons and ligaments.

Elastic Fibers

Stretchy fibers found in skin, lungs, and arteries.

Reticular Fibers

Supportive framework fibers found in lymph nodes and spleen.

Stratum Corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis made of dead, keratinized cells.

Stratum Lucidum

Layer of the epidermis only present in thick skin such as palms and soles.

Stratum Granulosum

Layer of the epidermis that produces keratin.

Stratum Spinosum

Layer of the epidermis responsible for strength and flexibility.

Stratum Basale

Base layer of the epidermis where cell division occurs, containing melanocytes and stem cells.

Pseudostratified Epithelium

Type of epithelium found in the respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi).

Skeletal Muscle

Striated, voluntary muscle tissue that is multinucleated.

Adipose Tissue

Connective tissue that stores fat, provides insulation, and serves as an energy reserve.

Bone Tissue

Rigid connective tissue characterized by a matrix and osteocytes in lacunae.

Cartilage Tissue

Flexible connective tissue providing support, with chondrocytes found in lacunae.