Bio Test 3 Textbook overviews

Animals are ____ that ingest their food

heterotrophs

Animals are

• unicellular prokaryotes

• multicellular eukaryotes

• unicellular eukaryotes

• multicellular prokaryotes

multicellular eukaryotes

Animal cells are supported and connected by ______ and other structural proteins outside the membrane

collagen

Which types of tissue are key animal features?

Nervous and Muscle tissue

In most animals _____ follows the formation of the blastula

Gastrulation

Gastrulation leads to what

The formation of embryonic tissue layers

Most animals have _____ _____ that regulate the development of body form. 

Hox Genes

What can Hox genes do although they have been highly conserved over the course of evolution?

they can produce a wide diversity of animal morphology

According to fossil biochemical evidence and molecular click analyses, when did animals arise?

Over 700 million years ago

Geonomic analyses suggest that key steps in the origin of animals involved new ways of using proteins that were encoded by genes found in what?

Choanoflagellates

When did the Neoproterozoic Era occur?

Approximately 1,000–541 million years ago (mya).

What major event occurred around 560 million years ago?

The appearance of Ediacaran animals

When did the Cambrian Explosion occur?

Between 535–525 million years ago

During which era did the Cambrian Explosion take place?

The Paleozoic Era

What is the time range of the Paleozoic Era?

541–252 million years ago.

When did early terrestrial vertebrates first appear?

Around 365 million years ago

During which era did early terrestrial vertebrates evolve?

The Paleozoic Era

What is the time range of the Mesozoic Era?

252–66 million years ago

What major evolutionary events occurred during the Mesozoic Era?

The origin and diversification of dinosaurs; first mammals and birds appeared.

What is the time range of the Cenozoic Era?

66 million years ago to the present (0 mya)

What major evolutionary trend occurred during the Cenozoic Era?

Increased diversity of mammals and the rise of humans

What are the two types of symmetry an animal may have?

Radial or Bilateral

Which type of symmetry involves animals having dorsal and ventral sides and head and tail ends?

Bilateral

Eumetazoan embryos may be ____ (two germ layers) or ______ (three germ layers)

diploblastic; triploblastic

Triploblastic animals with a body cavity may have a _____ or a ______ or both

coelom; hemocoel

What are the three main developmental features that differ between protostomes and deuterostomes?

Patterns of cleavage, coelom formation, and blastopore fate.

How does cleavage differ between protostomes and deuterostomes?

• Protostomes: Spiral and determinate cleavage

• Deuterostomes: Radial and indeterminate cleavage

What type of cleavage allows deuterostome embryos to develop into identical twins if cells are separated early?

Indeterminate cleavage

How does coelom formation differ between protostomes and deuterostomes?

• Protostomes: Coelom forms by splitting of solid mesoderm masses (schizocoelous development)

• Deuterostomes: Coelom forms by outpocketing of the archenteron (enterocoelous development)

How does blastopore fate differ between protostomes and deuterostomes?

• Protostomes: Blastopore becomes the mouth

• Deuterostomes: Blastopore becomes the anus

What does the term “protostome” literally mean?

“First mouth” — the mouth forms first from the blastopore.

Q: What does the term “deuterostome” literally mean?

“Second mouth” — the mouth forms second, after the anus.

Which major animal groups are deuterostomes?

Echinoderms (e.g., sea stars) and chordates (e.g., vertebrates).

Which major animal groups are protostomes?

Mollusks, annelids, and arthropods

What is the most inclusive clade that includes all animals?

Metazoa

What key feature marks the origin of the clade Eumetazoa?

The development of true tissues

Which groups are part of Eumetazoa but not of Metazoa?

Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and Bilateria

What key features define the clade Bilateria?

Bilateral symmetry and three germ layers (triploblastic)

What are the three major clades within Bilateria?

Acoela (basal bilaterians), Deuterostomia, and Protostomia (which includes Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa)

Which two clades together form the Protostomes?

Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa

Which major animal groups are included in Deuterostomia?

Echinoderms and Chordates (including humans)

In order from most to least inclusive, what clades do humans belong to?

1. Metazoa

2. Eumetazoa

3. Bilateria

4. Deuterostomia

5. Chordata

What are the key evolutionary traits associated with Bilateria?

Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic development (three germ layers), and cephalization.

Which animal group represents the basal animals (lacking true tissues)?

Porifera (sponges)

One of the characteristics unique to animals is

gastrulation

Multicellularity

sexual reproduction

Flagellated sperm

gastrulation

The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of 

a body cavity 

a complete digestive tract 

mesoderm

tissues

tissues

Which of the following was probably an important factor in bringing about the Cambrian Explosion?

the movement of animals on land

an increase in the concentration of atmospheric nitrogen

the emergence of predator- prey relationships

the origin of bilaterian animals

the emergence of predator prey relationships

Which type of basal animals lack tissues?

Sponges

Which type of phylum do sponges fall into?

Porifera

Which type of animals have choanocytes (collar cells) and lack tissues

Sponges (Porifera

Which class of animals are an ancient phylum of eumetazoans?

Cnidarians

Which types of animals fall under the Cnidaria phylum?

Hydras, Jellies, sea anemones, corals

Which phylum has unique stinging structures (nematocysts) housed in special cells (cnidocytes)?

Cndaria

Which is a clade identified by molecular data and has the widest range of animal body forms?

Lophotrochozoans

What are the phyla in the Lophotrochozoans?

Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

syndermata (rotifers and acanthocephalans)

Ectoprocta and Brachipoda

Mollusca (Clams, snails, squids)

Annelida (segmented worms)

Which type of phylum does not have a body cavity, is dorsoventrally flattened, has a gastrovascular cavity or no digestive tract

Platyhelminthes

Which type of phylum has homocoels; rotifers that have an alimentary canal (digestive tube with a mouth and anus) and jaws (trophi)

Syndermata

Which phylum has diploblastic layers, is radially symmetrical and has gastrovascular cavities?

Cnidaria

In which phylum are acanthocephalans are parasites of vertabrates

Syndermata

Which phylums have coeloms, lophophores (feeding structures bearing ciliated tentacles)

Ectoprocta and Brachiopoda

Which type of phylum has hemocoels, reduced coelom and three main body parts (muscular foor, visceral mass and mantle)

Mollusca

Which phylum has a hard shell made of calcium carbonate

Mollusca

Which type of phylum has coelom, a body wall and internal organs that are segmented (except digestive tract which is unsegmented)

Annelida

Which is the most species-rich animal group?

Ecdysocozoans

Which two phylums fall under Ecdysocozoans

Nematoda (roundworms)

Arthropoda (spiders, centipedes, crustaceans, and insects)

Echinoderms and chordates are ______

deuterostomes

Which two phylum fall under Deuterostomia?

Echnidermata (sea stars, sea urchins)

Chordata (lance-lets, tunicates, vertebrates)

A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all share

a mantle

a radula

gills

distinct cephalization

a mantle

Which characterized by animals that have a segmented body

Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes

Arthropoda

Mollusca

Arthropoda

The water vascular systems of echinoderms

functions as a circulatory system that distributes nutrients to body cells

functions in locomotion and feeding

is bilateral in organization, even though the adult animal is not bilaterally symmetrical

moves water through the animal’s body during filter feeding

functions in locomotion and feeding

Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is correct:

Echnidermata-radial symmetry as larva, coelom

Nematoda- roundworms, internal skeleton

Platyhelminthes- flatworms, gastrovascular cavity; no body cavity

Porifera- gastrovascular cavity, coelom 

Platyhelminthes- flatworms, gastrovascular cavity; no body cavity

Which animal have a notocord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Chordates

Which two Clades fall under Chordates only?

Cephalochordata (lancelets)

urochordata (turnicates)

Which clade are basal chordates; marine suspen sion feeders that exhibit four key derived characters of chordates?

Cephalochordata

Which clade has Marine suspension feeders; lar- vae display the derived traits of chordates

Urochordata

________ are chordates with a backbone

Vertebrates

Cyclostomes

Jawless vertebrates

What are the two clades of Cyclostomes?

Myxini (hagfishes) and Petromyzontida (lampreys)

Which type of clade(s) have jawless aquatic vertebrates with reduced vertebrae

Myxini (hagfishes) and Petromyzontida (lampreys)

_____ have a head with a skull and brain, eyes and other sensory organs

Hagfishes

_______ feed by attatching to a live fish and ingesting its blood

lampreys

__________ are vertebrates that have jaws

Gnathostomes

What are the clades only in Gnathosomes?

Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, skates, ratfishes)

How do you identify chordates?

notochords, dorsal, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail

How do you identify vertebrates?

Hox genes duplication, backbone of vertebrae

How do you identify osteichthyans

Bony Skeleton

How do you identify Lobe-fins

Muscular fins or limbs

How to identify Tetrapods?

Four limbs, neck, fused pelvic girdle

How to identify Amniotes?

amniotic egg, rib cage ventilation

Which animals do Actinopterygii (ray finned fishes) only belong in?

Osteichthyans

Which clade only do aquatic gnathostomes; have a bony skeleton and maneuverable fins supported by rays

Actinopterygii (ray finned fishes)

Which only two clades are in the lobe-fins

Actinistia (coelacanths) and Dipnoi (lungfishes)

Which clade has ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still surviving in Indian Ocean

Actinstia (coelacanths)

Which clade has freshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills; sister group of tetrapods

Dipnoi

Which animal group do amphibia (salamanders, frogs, caecilians) only belong to?

Tetrapods

Which clade has 4 limbs descended from modified fins; most have moist skin that functions in gas exchange; many live in water as larvae or on land as adults

Amphibia

Which two clades classify as amniotes?

Reptilia (tuataras, lizards, and snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds) and mammalia (monotremes, marsupials, eutherians)

Amniotes are ______ that have a terrestrially adapted egg

Tetrapods

Which clade group has one of two groups of living amniotes; have a amniotic eggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for life on land

Reptilia (tuataras, lizards and snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds) 

Which clade group has evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-laying monotremes (echnidas, platypus); pouched marsupials (such as kangaroos, opposums)'; and eutherians (placental mammals, such as rodents, primates)

Mammalia