fructose, sucrose, lactose

what are food sources of fructose

• honey

• fruit (also high in fibre, vitamins, minerals, low in kcal)

• HFCs - high fructose corn syrup (55% fructose)

how does body use fructose differently than other sugars?

• does not stimulate insulin secretion nor enhance leptin production

• stimulates liver fat synthesis: high VLDL = high blood TG = high CHD

• many promote high blood = CHD

is HFCs contributing to the obesity epidemic?

• body uses fructose differently than other sugars

  • does not stimulate insulin secretion

  • stimulates liver fat synthesis

  • promote high blood

• humans have never consumes anything close to current levels of fructose

• just one daily 16-oz (2 cups/500 mL) bottle soda pop = 20 lb wight gain in one year

what is sucrose

• table sugar

• isolate (purified from cane sugar/ beet sugar)

what one sucrose myth is true

cavities

what was the trend with “low fat” foods in the 1980s and 1990s

• replaced kcal from fat with equal or more kcal from sugar

• net kcal intake same or more = weight gain

how can CHO affect satiety (feeling full)

• beverage form not detected the same = no satiating = high kcal → high weight gain

• foods high in simple sugars + refined carbs are less filling compared to fibre-rich alt. = easier to overconsume kcal

why are sugars called “empty kcal”

• no nutritional value (vit/min) other than the 4 kcal

• refined carbs+sugars replacing more nutritious foods

what are the take-home messages of sugars

• choose lower kcal bevs

• select nutrient dense over kcal dense

do sugars cause heart disease?

5 features:

• abdominal obesity

• high fasting glucose

• high blood TG

• low HDL

• high blood pressure

what does the american heart association recommend to added sugars

women: <100 kcal (25g/day)

men: <150 kcal (37.5g/day)

what does the world health org recommend to added sugars

< 10% of total calories

what does DRI recommend to added sugars

< 25% of total energy as added sugars

what is lactose

• milk sugar

• all infants posses enzyme lactase

what is lactase deficiency

• dont make lactase as adult

• declines 4-16 years old

who has the highest ability to continue break down lactose sugar

northern europe (10%)

middle east (60-80%)

africa (70%)

asia (90%)

what is lactose intolerance

symptoms associated with becoming/being lactase deficient

what are the consequences of undigested lactose

• no lactase → small intestine (attracts water = bloating/cramps)

• → colon (water reabsorb + diarrhea)

• → gases (from colonic microbes that fermented lactose)

what is a milk allergy?

• food allergies caused by protein in food

• exaggerated immune response to food protein (antibodies/inflammatory)

• some people have an anaphylaxis response (no breathing)

what are three examples of oligossacharides

1. raffinose

2. stachyose

3. verbascose

what are examples of sugar alcohols

1. xylitol

2. salbitol