Chapter 11 Terms, People, Key Questions

EAH Honors Sophomore 24-25

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

A skilled and respected Confederate General. He was daring, and he had a steadfast stand at the First Battle of Bull Run, earning his famous nickname. He died due to friendly fire after the Battle of Chancellorsville, 1863, and he was a crucial role of Robert E. Lees command.

Robert E. Lee

A Virginian Confederate General that opposed secession, but fought for his home state. He commanded the Army of Northern Virginia, winning victories over larger Union forces because of his strategy. But, he failed at Antietam and Gettysburg, eventually surrendering at Appomattox

Ulysses S. Grant

Union general that achieved key Union victories (Fort Donelson, Vicksburg). Lincoln appointed him general-in-chief of all Union armies in 1864.

George B. McClellan

Union general that commanded the Army of Potomac, though he was criticised by Lincoln for his caution. Later ran against Lincoln in the 1864 Election.

Abraham Lincoln’s Objectives during the war and his PRIMARY objective.

Objectives - preserve Union and restore integrity of USA. Believes secession is illegal. PRIMARY - PRESERVE THE UNION!

Abraham Lincoln - How did his views on slavery change?

Initially pursued a policy of containing slavery where it existed. But after Battle of Antietam his views evolved; he saw that ending slavery was a necessity to weaken the Confederacy and a moral imperative.

Abraham Lincoln - Significant Events/Developments marking his Presidency

Formation of the CSA and SC secession. Bombardment of Fort Sumter (starts Civil War). Issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation. Major Union victories at Gettysburg/Vicksburg. Appointment of Ulysses S. Grant as General-In-Chief. Passage of Homestead Act and Land Grant College Act. Suspension of habeas corpus in certain areas. Relectionin 1864. Lee’s surrender at Appomattox. His assassination.

William T. Sherman

Union general serving under Ulysses S. Grant, most famous for his “March to the Sea” in 1864.

John Wilkes Booth

A Confederate sympathizer apart of a plot to assassinate Abraham Lincoln and his VP and Sec. of State. He killed Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865. He was the only one to go through with actually killing, the others were badly injured.

Clara Barton

A Civil War nurse that collected and distributed supplies for soldiers, organize hospitals, and provide care on battlefields. She founded the American Red Cross in 1881.

Mathew Brady

A famous American photographer known for his photographic documentation of the Civil War. He showed the American public the reality of war, shaping perceptions of the conflict.

William Seward

Secretary of State under President Abraham Lincoln. He managed foreign policy during the Civil War, preventing European intervention on behalf of the Confederacy.

Homestead Act

Passed by Congress in 1862, it encouraged westward migration by offering 160 acres of public land free to any citizen or intended citizen who settled there for farming. Helped to develop the West and provided economic opportunities.

Habeas Corpus

A legal principle that ensures a person cannot be imprisoned indefinitely without being charged with a crime. President Lincoln suspended this in certain areas because of Confederate sympathizers.

Legal Tender Act

1862, authorized the federal government to issue paper money “greenbacks”.

Border States

Slave states that did not secede from the Union during the Civil War. Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri. Stayed loyal to the Union cause.

Copperhead

Used by Republicans for a faction of Northern Democrats that opposed Civil War and advocated for a negotiated peace settlement with the Confederacy.

Land Grant College Act

1862, provided federal land grants to states to establish colleges that would focus on agriculture and the mechanical arts.

Militia Act

Allowed for the enlistment of African Americans as soldiers in the Union army.

Anaconda Plan

Unions plan to defeat the Confederacy, proposed by General Winfield Scott. 1. Naval Blockade (block south ports, cutting off trade/supplies) 2. Control Mississippi River (divide Confederacy in two). 3. Capture Richmond (the Confederacy capital)

Total War

Military strategy in which all resources of a nation are mobilized and directed towards the war effort. It targets the enemy’s military, economic infrastructure, civilians, and ability to sustain war. Used in William T. Sherman’s “March to the Sea”

Battle of Bull Run (Battle of Manassas)

Manassas, Virginia (near creek, Bull Run). Confederate victory because Union is poorly organized. Severely deflates Union confidence, showing that the war wouldn’t be short and easy.

Battle of Shiloh

Southwestern Tennessee, near Tennessee River. Union leaders - Ulysses S. Grant. Confederate leaders - Albert Sidney Johnston. - High casualties for both sides. 23,000 total. Union won, but showed the horrific cost of the war and fierce determination of both sides.

Battle of Antietam

Union leaders - George B. McClellan. Confederate Leaders - Robert E. Lee. Bloodiest single day in American military history, over 23k casualties . A tactical draw, but strategic Union victory. The Union victory was the dub needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

Emancipation Proclamation

Declares that all enslaved people in the Confederate states were free. It changed the purpose of the war, from preserving the union to abolishing slavery. It encouraged enslaved people to escape and seek freedom. It weakened the Confederacy’s chances of regaining recognition or support from European powers.

How did groups of people react to the Emancipation Proclamation?

Abolitionists - applauded it as a crucial step towards justice. Enslaved African Americans - many rallied to support the Union cause and enlist in the military. Confederacy - condemned it as an act of incitement to slave rebellion and further hardened their resolve to fight. Northern Democrats / Copperheads - criticized it, fearing it would prolong the war and lead to radical upheaval. European powers - welcomed it as they had no slavery. Made it difficult for them to support the Confederacy.

New Orleans - how did the Union’s capture of New Orleans and its port - connecting the Gulf of Mexico and the Mississippi River help the Union/Hurt the Confederacy?

Helped Union - secured the largest city in the Confederacy and the gateway to the Mississippi River from the south. Allowed the Union to project power deep into the Confederacy and advanced the Anaconda Plan’s goal of controlling the Mississippi. Hurt Confederacy - No more ability to trade goods, import war materials, and move troops and supplies via the Mississippi River.

Vicksburg (battle)

Vicksburg, Mississippi, Confederate stronghold. Union-Part of Anaconda Plan to gain control of the river. Aim to cut off supply lines and pushed the Confederates back to Vicksburg. Grant (union general) initiated a siege surrounding the city and bombarding it daily. Inside vicksburg, there was starvation, disease, and constant shelling.The confederate leader was John C. Pemberton. There was around 4800 casualties for the Union, 3200 for Confederate. Union won, giving them complete control of the Mississippi River.

Battle of Gettysburg

The Army of the Potomac (under George Meade) defended Northern territory and defeat Lee’s army of Northern Virginia. The bloodiest battle of the Civil War, over 51k casualties over 3 days. A Union victory. Showed the horrific scale of the Civil War.

Gettysburg Address - Main message

Lincoln delivered this address. He redefined the purpose of the war, reminding Americans that the nation was made on the basis of everyone being equal. He honored the fallen soldiers and ensured everyone that the war will be won by the Union for them.

54th Massachusetts Regiment

One of the first African American regiments raised in the Union Army. It was led by white officers, and despite the African Americans facing discrimination and unequal pay, they fought bravely, especially in their most notable, yet unsuccessful, assault on Fort Wagner in South Carolina.

Election of 1864

Lincoln (Republican) v. McClellan (democrat). McClellan promised an immediate end to the war and negotiating peace. Lincoln won, and the war was continued.

Battle of Petersburg

Grant (union) started a siege of Petersburg, Virginia, a vital RR hub to Confederate Richmond (capital). He wanted to cut off supply lines and exhaust Lee’s army. It eventually evolved into trench warfare, causing an joined 70,000 casualties. Lee evacuated, leading to his surrender.

Lee’s Surrender at Appomattox Court House, VA

On April 9, 1865. Robert E. Lee Surrendered his army (Northern Virginia) to Ulysses S. Grant

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address

A plea for reconciliation, he wanted the nation to approach the end of the war and the process of Reconstruction with forgiveness, compassion, and focus on healing instead of vengeance/revenge on the South.

Assassination of President Lincoln

John Wilkes Booth shot President Lincoln in the back of the head at Ford’s Theatre in D.C. , only 5 days after Lee surrendered.

Impact of the Civil War - Political

It established that no state could secede, it increased the power of the federal government over states and individuals, and the Republican Party became dominant for decades after the war.

Impact of the Civil War - Social

Slavery was abolished (13th Amendment), Massive Casualties (over 620,000 soldiers died), Women took on new roles in nursing, war work, and managing farms/businesses, and Racial Tensions greatly increased as violence/discrimination was very common.

Impact of the Civil War - Economic

South infrastructure (farms, cities, etc) were largely destroyed. An economic boom in the North. Industrialization accelerated.

Causes of the Civil War

Slavery. States’ Rights vs. Federal Power. Economic Differences. Territorial Expansions and the Extension of Slavery. 1860 Presidential Election.

How did new tech impact the Civil War?

New muskets, mini balls (ammo), artillery improvements, ironclad warships, railroads, telegraph, photography, medical advancements (battlefield first aid).

What conditions did soldiers of the Civil War face?

Brutal combat, disease, poor sanitation, not enough food/water, exposure to elements (extreme weather), imprisonment (war camps), homesickness and boredom.

How did African-Americans (slave and free) contribute to and participate in the Civil War?

Military Service (for the union), contraband and refugee labor (union, enslaved ppl who escaped to Union lines were deemed “contraband of war: and used for labor for the Union army), intelligence/guides for Union.

Confederate Advantages of the Civil War

Location/Defensive War, Motivation (defending what they thought their rights were, to own slaves), Military Leadership.

Union Advantages of the Civil War

Government/Leadership, Resources/Economics, Industrialization/Railroads, Population, Leadership (developed over through the war), Strategy (developed), Motivation (evolved).

What issues were left unresolved at the end of the Civil War?

Status of Freed people (what would their rights be?), Readmission of the Southern States, Rebuilding the South, Race Tensions (discrimination and violence), Federal Power vs. States’ Rights.