Ch 101 Exam #1

Element

substance compromised of only one type of atom

Compound

Substance with more than one type of atom

Molecules

Substance comprised of more than one type of atom(can be of the same type)

Atomic Theory 1)

elements are comprised of atoms- atoms of an element exhibit identical properties

Atomic Theory 2)

Compounds are combinations of different types of atoms

Atomic Theory 3)

Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions

Avogadro’s Number

6.022×10²³

Leftover Formula

initial-used

Atomic Number

Number of Protons—> characterizes element

Proton

+, nucleus

Neutron

neutral, nucleus

Electron

-, outside of nucleus

Isotopes

atoms with same atomic number different mass(same protons, different neutrons)

non-metals

generally gain electrons easily

metals

generally lose electrons easily

metalloids

properties of both metals and non-metals

neutral atom

#p=#e

ion charge

#p-#e

anion

negative charge, #p<#e

Energy

ability to do work(kinetic or potential)

Kinetic

forms energy from motion

Potential Energy

energy is stored in the coulombic interactions between the subatomic particls

Coulomb’s Law

electrostatic force between 2 charged particles

like charges

repel

opposite forces

attract

photoelectric effect

when light shines on a metal, electrons can be ejected from the surface of the metal

absorption

lower—> higher

emmision

higher—>l lower

wave-particle duality

waves can exhibit particle-like properties while particles can exhibit wave-like properties

ground state

lowest energy(stable)

excited state

breaks hund’s rule, more energy than ground state

pauli-exclusion principle

no 2 electrons have the same 4 quantum numbers(RULE CANNOT BE BROKEN)

hund’s rule

every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin

electron configuration exceptions

chromium and copper

paramagnetic atoms

one or more unpaired electrons, will respond to an external field

diamagnetic atoms

has no unpaired electrons, will not respond to an external field

valence electron

outermost s-block or any partially filled sub-levels

core electrons

all other electrons that aren’t valence electrons

noble gas valence electrons

8 valence electrons

Zeff

z-shielding

electronegativity

ability of an atom to attract, gain, or withdraw electrons towards itself

IE

minimum energy input required to remove the highest energy electron present in an atom