14.1 Specific Responses to Antibodies

Types of adaptive immune responses:

- antibody mediated immunity: __________ (derived from __ cells) secrete ________ that circulate blood, bind to _________, and clear antigens

- cell mediated immunity: specific __ cells are activated that attack and kill foreign __________ and _________ cells

humoral; B; antibodies; antigens; T; pathogens; infected

Antigen is a molecule could be present on the __________ of a pathogen, that can bind to an antigen-__________ antibody or antigen _________ and can trigger _________ response

surface; specific; receptor; immune

Epitope is the certain __________ group of an antigen that defines its _________

molecular; specificity

Antigens can originate from ________ the body or from the _________ environment. The immune system does not react to _____-antigens under normal condition due to _________ selection of T cells in the ________.

within; external; self; negative; thymus

Gene segments encode for ________ on the surface of the ___ and ___ cells and the variable region on antibodies

receptors; B and T

Gene segments are ________ extensively which leads to a huge assortment of __________ on T and B cells and antibodies

rearranged; receptors

Each T and B lymphocyte has a protein receptor of _________ configuration and is specific and reactive to a specific ___________

unique; antigen

V(D)J recombination is the unique process of recombination that occurs only in __________ lymphocytes during the early stages of __ and __ cell maturation

developing; T and B

V(D)J results in highly diverse antibodies/___________ (IGs) and ___ cell receptors (TCRs) found on B cell and T cells

immunoglobins; T

The polypeptide formed from V(D)J recombination has a variable region which _____ to the antigen and the constant region which is used in assembling the _________ molecule

binds; antibody

The clonal selection theory:

- clone: each genetically unique line of ____________ arises from the gene segment __________

- each clone responds to 1 ___________ antigen

lymphocyte; rearrangement; specific

After development, T and B cells migrate to _________ tissues

lymphoid

The thymus is a specialized organ of the immune system where ___ lymphocytes matures. the thymus eliminates T cells that attack the body's ____ proteins

T; own

When T and B lymphocytes encounter a foreign body and match with its antigen, they are ______ and produce many ________ of themselves

activated; clones

Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to all other _____ cells through hematopoiesis in the _____ bone marrow.

blood; red

immunoglobins are large __________ molecules that serve as both:

- antibodies that are secreted by _______ cells derived from B cells

- specific receptors of ___ cells (IgD)

glycoprotein; plasma; B

IgM is a __________ shaped immunoglobin that is located ______ in the circulation or on ___ cell surfaces. It is the _____ antibody to be secreted by B cells in primary response and promotes agglutination, ________ system, and __________

pentagon; free; B; first; complement; macrophages

IgG is a ____ shaped immunoglobin that is located in blood and ________ circulation. It is most abundant 1st and 2nd immune response and protects _______ in womb and stimulates __________ and _______ system

Y; lymphatic; fetus; phagocytosis; complement

IgA is a double ____ shaped Ig that is located in body _________. It blocks attachment of pathogens to _______ membrane and gives immunity to ______ infants

Y; secretions; mucus; breastfeeding

IgE is a ___ shaped Ig in skin and tissues lining ____ and respiratory tracts. it stimulates ____ cells and _________ to release histamine and triggers __________ responses

Y; GI; mast; basophils; allergic

IgD is a __ shaped Ig located on surface of ___ cells. It is important for ___ cell activation

Y; B; B

Allergies is a hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system that occurs when a person's immune system reacts to a __________ substances in the environment.

harmless

Allergic reaction is an excess _________ of certain wbcs that produce _________ which drives extreme immune response

activation; histamine

Dendritic cells are a type of ________ presenting cell (APC) that are present in tissues that have contact with the outside __________. When they are activated, they migrate to lymph nodes where they interact with __ and __ cells to initiate ________ immune response

antigen; environment; T and B; adaptive

Almost all antigens elicit a _______ T cell response. Helper T cells trigger ________ and cell-mediated response

helper; humoral

Cytokines are signaling proteins from helper T cells that initiate _________ production and activate ___ cells to kill infected cells.

Cytokine ex. interferon and interleukin

antibody; T

For a helper T cell to activate immune response:

1. Antigen ________ must be displayed in APC. APC = dendritic cells, macrophages, ___ cells

2. antigen must bind to T cell receptor on _________ ___ cell

fragment; B; helper T

Most body proteins only have MHC class I proteins but APC's have both class I and class ___ which makes them special

II

Activation of B cells in humoral response:

1. APC engulf pathogen and Helper T _________

2. Helper T is activated by _________ from the APC

3. activated helper T cell binds to ___ cell with the same epitope and release cytokines to the ___ cell

4. the B cell creates _________ B cells that can react with the same antigen later

5. the B cell can also differentiate into _____ cells that secrete that antigen

recognizes; cytokines; B; B; memory; plasma

How antibodies affect antigen:

- Opsonization: _______ virus or pathogen

- Agglutinate: _________ antibodies

- binding of antibodies can enhance _________ recognition

- antibodies can fill receptor sites on antigen so virus _________ bind to host

- antibodies interaction with ___________ can rupture some viruses

coat; crosslink; phagocyte; cannot; complement

Difference between T and B cells:

- receptors on T cells only bind to antigens that are _________

- receptors of B cells can bind to epitopes of antigens on pathogens or antigens ________ circulating

displayed; free

The secondary immune response is much ________ than the primary immune response because there are ______ antibodies the second time

stronger; more