Lecture 3 part 1

Perspectives and theories on development and psychopathology

• symptoms, pathways, interacting

• interdependent

  • active

The developmental psychopathology perspective claims that:

• We must look beyond current _______ and consider developmental ______ and _______ events

• Children and environments are _______ → transactional view

  • Children and the environment are _____ contributors to adaptive and maladaptive behaviour

• Continuous development:

  • Changes happening in small, gradual and quantitative intervals

• Discontinuous development:

  • Changes in big intervals between stages

  • Qualitative differences between stages

What is the difference between continuous development and discontinuous development?

developed

If we don’t have enough stimulation during appropriate sensitive periods, language might not be fully ______ later on

multi

Abnormal child behavior is best studied from a _____-theoretical perspective

The brain

According to the neurobiological perspective, what’s the cause of psychological disorders?

plasticity

Nature and nurture both contribute to neural ______

brain

Experience plays a critical role in ______ development

probabilistic

Genetic influences are _______, not deterministic

poly, pairings

Most forms of abnormal behaviours are ____genic, meaning that they are influenced by many different gene ______

interrelated

→ bi

Gene-environment correlations are the ways that a person’s genes and their environment are systematically ______

→ There are ____-directional relationships between genes and environment

Passive	Simple association between genes and the environment	Influence decreases across time (have more control on your environment so it has less influence on you)
Evocative	Because of your genes, you evoke reactions from the environment	Constant influence across time (always transactions between you and the environment)
Active	Because of your genes, you seek out certain things in the environment	Influence increases across time (have more control on your environment)

What are the 3 types of gene-environment correlations?

Psychoactive drugs

Which types of drugs are used in treatments of psychopathology acting on neurotransmitters?

Benzodiazepine - GABA	Reduces arousal, moderates emotional responses	Implicated in anxiety disorder
Dopamine	Turns on brain circuits and allows other neurotransmitters to inhibit or facilitate emotions/behaviours	Implicated in schizophrenia, mood disorders, ADHD
Norepinephrine	Facilitates/controls emergency reactions and alarm responses	Implicated in behavioural tendencies
Serotonin	Plays a role in emotional/behavioural regulation, information and motor coordination, inhibits tendency to explore surroundings, moderates/regulates critical behaviours (eating, sleeping, anger…)	Implicated in regulatory problems (eating and sleep disorders), obsessive-compulsive disorders, schizophrenia, mood disorders

What are the 4 main neurotransmitters and their characteristics?

Low

______ levels of dopamine can lead to ADHD

emotions, cognitive

According to psychological perspectives, ______ play a role in establishing infants’ ability to adapt to new surroundings and it’s important to look at behavioural and ______ processes

regulation

Emotions and affective expression are central features of infant activity and ______

1. Surgency → positive affect and approach

2. Effortful control → fearful or inhibited, very strong emotion regulation

3. Negative affectivity → negative affect or irritability

What are the 3 primary dimensions of temperament?

not

The 3 different dimensions of temperament are _______ correlated; you can be high in two but low in one…)

regulation

High self-______ is a good formula for healthy and normal adjustment

operant, before

Applied Behaviour Analysis uses ______ conditioning principles (reinforcement + punishment) to act ______ the maladaptive behaviour even occurs

thought

Cognitive theorists analyze how _______ patterns develop over time

models, learning

Social-cognitive theorists use _______ and latent ______ to analyze psychopathology