MCU; FRAMING

Framing

is the structural system that gives shape and support to a building. It acts as the skeleton that carries the load of the walls, floors, and roof.

3 MAIN TYPES OF FRAMING

WOOD FRAMING
CONCRETE FRAMING
STEEL FRAMING

WOOD FRAMING

Made from timber or
lumber, this type is
common in houses
and small buildings.
It is lightweight, easy
to assemble, and
affordable.

CONCRETE FRAMING

Uses concrete for
beams, columns,
and slabs to create
strong and durable
structures. Often
reinforced with steel
bars for added
strength

STEEL FRAMING

Consists of steel
beams and columns
that form a rigid
structure. Used for
high-rise buildings,
factories, and
warehouses because
of its strength and
flexibility

LIGHT FRAMING

The walls are part of the support of
the building. Uses small wood
members (like 2x4s) to form a rigid
frame for houses

HEAVY TIMBER

Uses large wooden beams and
posts to create a frame; walls only
serve as covering. This system is
durable and naturally fire-resistant.

MONOLITHIC

Poured on-site as a single, solid unit;
strong and seamless.

PRE-CAST

Made in a factory, then transported
to the site for quick installation and
consistent quality.

FRAMED (BOLT)

Steel members are joined with bolts,
allowing for disassembly and
adjustment.

Light Wood Framing:
Balloon Frame

is one of the
earliest and simplest forms of
light wood framing, where long,
continuous wall studs extend
from the foundation up to the
roof line, supporting both floors
and walls.

COMBINATION FRAMING

is a type
of wood framing system that
combines the features of heavy
timber framing and light wood
framing. It uses lighter timbers
and simpler joints (with more
nailing and less mortising) to
make construction faster,
cheaper, and more efficient.

PLATFORM FRAME

is a type of light
wood framing system where each
floor is built as a separate
platform. The ground and second
floors are supported by their own
platforms, creating a level
surface for each story before the
next walls are built.

Heavy Wood
Framing – Beam and
Girder Framing

Also called Beam and Girder
Framing is a traditional framing
method that uses large, solid
timber beams and posts to form
the main structural skeleton of a
building.

WOOD POSTS ON
CONCRETE PIERS

For longevity, use a post bracket to
attach wood posts to concrete piers, as
setting posts directly in concrete traps
moisture and causes rot. The bracket
separates the wood from the pier,
ensuring the post stays dry and
preventing future decay.

WOOD POSTS ON CONCRETE PEIRS

• Pros: Prevents Decay: It separates
  wood from concrete to stop rot, as
  concrete alone doesn't protect the
  post bottom.

• Cons: Requires purchasing a post
  bracket and anchor bolts, which
  adds to the cost. The installation can
  be more complex than setting a post
  in concrete. requires drilling into the
  concrete pier

WOOD BEAMS ON CONCRETE PEIRS

are supported by
concrete piers in a common structural
system called a pier-and-beam
foundation.

WOOD POST-BEAM CONNCECTIONS

Common connections for wood
posts and beams include
traditional methods like mortise
and tenon or lap joints, and
modern hardware-based
methods using metal brackets,
plates, bolts, and screws. The best
type of connection depends on
the project's structural needs and
aesthetic goals.

Wood Beam to
Post/Column with
U-Plate/Saddle

Common connections for wood
posts and beams include
traditional methods like mortise and tenon or lap joints, and modern hardware-based methods using metal brackets,
plates, bolts, and screws. The best
type of connection depends on
the project's structural needs and
aesthetic goals.

Wood Beams on a
Post with T-Plate
Connector

Two separate wood beams abut
(meet) over support. used to fasten
them to the steel post/column. It
requires a 6" (150) minimum
bearing in direction of beam span
for the beams over the support.

Spaced Beam to Wood Post Connection

A central wood post is
"sandwiched" by a Spaced beam
(two separate beams). The
connection is made using
Through bolts or split-ring
connector. Bearing blocks are
used to provide direct support
and increase the area for the
bolts. Blocking is installed as
required between the spaced
beams.

Continuous Beam to Spaced Wood Post Connection

A single, Continuous beam passes
between two parallel vertical
wood members that form a
Spaced post. The connection is
secured with Through bolts or
split-ring connector. Blocking is
placed at top, middle, and bottom
of spaced post for stability.

JOINTS

are connections where two or more pieces of wood are joined together to form a frame or structure.

WOOD JOINTS

are the ways or
methods of connecting two or
more pieces of wood together.

They are used in carpentry,
furniture making, and
construction to make the
structure strong, stable, and
durable.

TYPES OF WOOD
JOINTS

• PLAIN JOINTS (LAP JOINT)

• BUTT OR SQUARE JOINT (END JOINT)

• OBLIQUE JOINT

• SCARF JOINT

• MORTISE & TENON JOINT

• HALVED JOINT

• DOVETAIL JOINT

• COPED JOINT

• RABBET JOINT

• DADO JOINT

• MITER JOINT

PLAIN JOINT (LAP JOINT)

• is a type of joint where two
  pieces of wood overlap each other and
  are fastened together using nails,
  screws, or glue.

• Used in temporary framing or quick
  construction.

• Not a very strong joint.

VARIATION OF LAP JOINTS

• THROUGH HALF LAP

• CORNER HALF LAP

• HOUSED BIRD’S MOUTH

• HOUSE LAPPED DOVETAIL

• LAPPED HALF DOVETAIL

• BEVELED SHOULDER BIRD’S MOUTH

BUTT OR SQUARE JOINT (END JOINT)

• A type of joint where two pieces of wood are joined end to end or edge to edge, with their flat surfaces touching. It is usually connected using nails, screws, or glue.

BUTT OR SQUARE JOINT (END JOINT)

• END JOINT

• SCARF JOINT 

• SQUARE SPLICE 

• FINGER JOINT

OBLIQUE JOINT

is a type of joint where
two pieces of wood are joined at an
angle, not straight or square, to form a
slanted connection.

SCARF JOINT

is a type of joint where two
pieces of wood are joined end to end
with their ends cut at an angle, allowing
them to overlap and form a longer,
smoother connection.

Mortise and Tenon Joint

• connects
  two pieces by inserting a tenon into a
  mortise hole for a strong fit.

• Used in wooden framework where
  great strength and rigidity are
  needed.

VARIATION OF MORTISE AND TENON JOINT

• THROUGH MORTISE AND TENON WITH SHOULDERS

• OPEN MORTISE AND TENON

• HOUSE MORTISE AND TENON

• STUB MORTISE AND TENON

• MORTISE AND TENON WITH DIMINISHED HAUNCH

• WEDOED DOVETAIL TENON

HAVLED JOINT

is made by cutting half the
thickness of two pieces of wood so they
fit together flush when joined.

RABBET JOINT

is made by cutting a groove or notch along the edge of a piece of wood so another piece can fit
into it.

DADO JOINT

• is made by cutting a slot
  across the grain of one piece of wood so
  another piece can fit tightly into it.

• Similar to a rabbet joint.

• The groove holds another board at a
  right angle for strength.

Miter Joint

is made by joining two
pieces of wood cut at an angle, usually
45 degrees, to form a corner.

Dado Joint

• A dovetail joint connects two pieces of
  wood using interlocking wedge-shaped
  cuts that fit tightly together for strong
  corners.

• Common in cabinet work and furniture
  making.

• Strong and durable

COPED JOINT

is made by shaping the
end of one piece of wood to fit the
profile of another, often used for neat
corner fits in trim or molding.

COMMON JOINTS FOR FURNITURE

• MORTISED JOINT

• HOUSED JOINT

• BRIDLED JOINT

• DOVETAILED JOINT

SPLICING

is the process of joining two pieces of wood end to end to make them longer and stronger.

SPLICING

is the process of joining
timber pieces end to end to
form one strong, continuous
piece.

3 TYPES OF SPLICING

• COMPRESSION

• TENSION

• BENDING

Scabbed or Fished Splice

Two pieces of timber are squared at their ends and fitted together. Short wood pieces
called scabs or metal plates called fishplates are fastened on both sides of the joint.
These keep the splice straight and help prevent buckling under compression.

Halved Splice

is made by cutting half the thickness of each piece to the required length
and joining the halved sections together. It is suitable for direct compression, and
when used with scabs or fishplates, it can also handle tension.

SQUARE SPLICE

This is a modification of the halved splice. It has an extra notch to prevent
slipping and is often used with scabs or fishplates. It is mainly used where the
joint is under tension, or pulling forces.

Scarfed Splice

When timber is subjected to bending, like a beam supporting weight, the upper part is
under compression and the lower part is under tension.

TIMBER CONNECTORS

are metal devices used to provide added strength at bolted joints.

Types of Timber
Connectors

• Split-ring Connector

• Toothed Plates and Toothed Rings

• Claw Plates

• Shear Plates

Split-ring Connector

• A ring-shaped metal insert placed in precut circular grooves and held by bolts; used as a timber connector.

• Made in sizes of 2-1/2, 4 and 6 in. in diameter.

• They are used for heavy construction.

Toothed Plates and Toothed Rings

• These are toothed and corrugated.

• They are made in 2, 2-5/8, and 4 in. diameter.

• They are used between two timber frames for comparatively light construction.

Claw Plates

• One side is clawed and other smooth.

• They are used either singly, in timber to metal connections, or in pairs in timber-to-timber connections.

• The female plate is adaptable for use when the connector must lie flush with the timber surface

Shear Plates

• A special round plate inserted in the face of a timber; used to develop shear resistance in a wood-to-metal or wood-to-wood joint

• Designed to provide greater load-carrying capacity in shear than can be achieved by a bolt alone.

STRUCTURAL
STEEL FRAMING

Structural steel girders, beams, and columns are used to construct a skeleton frame for structures ranging in size from one-story to skyscrapers.

3 major types of framing systems

• One-Way Beam System

• Two-Way Beam System

• Three-Way Beam System

One-Way Beam System

• Each pair of external columns supports a long-spanning beam or girders.

• This form of construction is suitable for long, narrow buildings, especially when a column-free space is desired.

Two-Way Beam System

• where beams frame into girders, increases floor depth considerably and provides more space for mechanical systems.

• Steel girders span the short axis of a building bay thus contributing to the lateral stability of the structure.

Three-Way Beam System

• Used when a large column-free space is required, where long-spanning plate girders or trusses can be used to carry the primary beam, which in turn support a layer of secondary beams.