Fluid Therapy 227

Body water is about ___ in non-obese animals, ___ in young animals, ___ old

60%, 70%, 50%

The blood volume in dogs: ___-___ ml/kg

80 - 90

In cats their blood ___- ___ ml/kg

40 - 60

Horse’s Blood volume is ___ ml/kg

80

Sources of body water includes: ___, ___ and ___

drinking, diet, metabolism

Sensible water loss includes ___ both obligatory and free

urination

There is obligatory water loss that is a minimum amount of water required to remove ___

solute

Insensible water loss includes: ___, ___, ___, ___

fecal, respiration, cutraneous, salivary

defecation and urination are both ___ losses

obligatory

In order to reach maintenance requirements adults require ___ ml/kg/day

60

The water maintenance for neonates is ___ ml/kg/day

70

Intracellular fluids make ___-___ of body water

30-40%

Extracellular fluids makes up ___-___ of BW

16-20%

Compartments of Extracellular includes: ___,___,___

interstitial, plasma, transcellular

Interstitial fluids make up ___ of BW

14%

Plasma makes up ___ BW

5%

Water can cross ___ barriers, and is used in ___ gradients,

all, concentration

Electrolytes are found in ___ endothelium, and can’t pass through ___ membranes. They are found in extracellular fluids, 75% in ___ fluids, and 25% of ___ fluids

vascular, cell, interstitial, intervascular

Colloids can’t pass through ___ and are found in ___ space, and ___ expanders

barriers, vascular, plasma

a semipermeable membranes will equilibriate ___ and ___

fluids, electrolytes

Osmosis follows ___, and ___

electrolytes, molecules

Extracellular fluids electrolytes: ___, ___, ___

Na+, Cl-, HCO3-

Intracellular fluid electrolytes: ___, ___

K+, Mg2+

Na+ and K+ can pass through membranes via a ___

pump

Osmolality is the amount of disolved ___ in a fluid

particles

When regulating high osmolality ___ will be increased, and water will be ___ and will increase the urine ___

ADH, retained, concentration

When regulating low osmolality ___ will be decreased, and decrease the urine ___

ADH, concentration

When regulating water in the kidney decreased blood flow, ___ will be released leading to ___ then ___ being released. ___ retention will be increased, and water is ___, and thirst is ___

Renin, angliotensin, aldoseterone, Na, conserved, increased

Reasons for fluid loss: ___, ___+___, and ___ loss

water, water+ electrolytes, blood

Dehydration at ___-___ causes shock

12-15%

Reason for fluid loss due to water: increased ___, and lack of ___

excretion, intake

Clinical conditions causing water and electrolyte loss: ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___ although the electrolytes loss will bary

vomiting, diarrhea, wounds, burns, ascites, peritonitis

There are two types of blood loss ___, and ___

external, internal

Internal blood loss is commonly found in ___ and ___

thorax, abdomen

A loss of Na⁺ may be due ___ or ___, or may indicate ___, or ___ issues

diarrhea, vomiting, Addison’s, renal

A loss of Cl^- may indicate ___

vomiting

A loss in K⁺ can be due to ___, or ___ or may indicates ___ or ___ ___

anorexia, vomiting, Cushing’s, diabetes mellitus

lowered HCO₃^- may due ___

diarrhea

Clinical problems with K⁺ abnormalities: ___ rhythmn, ___-___, ___, ___

heart, acid-base, muscle, kidney

When treating hyperkalemia avoid ___ as much as possible

K+

When treating hypokalemia as ___

K+

lowered K⁺ can cause problems with the ___, depending on the severity, the ___ causing ECG abnormalities, ___-___ causing acidosis, or ___ causing hypokalemic nephropathy

muscles, heart, acid-base, kidney

Increased K⁺ can cause muscle problems especially when greater than ___, and affect the heart causing severe ___ or even death

8.0, arrhythmia

If a dog is vomiting or having diarrhea fluid loss can be calculated as about ___ ml/kg

4

Tests to track hydration done before therapy: ___, ___, ___

PCV, TP, USG

When plasma is loss ___ will increase

PCV

TP generally ___ when dehydration

increases

USG should be increased when dehydrated above ___

1.040

Hydration clinical measurement can be tracked by ___ output, ___

urine, CVP

Urine output measure is ___-___ ml/kg/hr

1-2

Urine output will be decreased if ___

dehydrated

A normal CVP is ___-___ cm H₂O

0-3

how to measure CVP: ___ ___, ___ ___

water manometer, calibrated electronic

Normal Body pH is ___- ___

7.35-7.45

Acid-base balace can be controled by ___ production, and ___ control

acid, physiologic

Physiologic control for pH consists of ___, ___, and ___

renal, repiratory, buffersA

Acid can be produced via the metabolism of ___, ___ and ___

proteins, phospholipids, CO2

To maintain acid-base the renal system regulated ___

HCO3-

Acid-base is regulated by the respiratory system via ___

CO2

Buffers maintain acid-base balance by ___ or ___ H⁺

accepting, donating

Types of buffers: ___, ___, ___

HCO3-, proteins, phosphates

When metabolic acidosis occurs ___ in the plasma will decrease, ___ will increase, and ___ will decrease

bicarbonate, H+, pH

When metabolic alkalosis occurs ___ in the plasma will increase, ___ will decrease, and ___ will increase

bicarbonate, H+, pH

repiratory acidosis occurs when ___ is high

CO2

Respiratory alkalosis occurs when ___ i

When measuring acid-base it can be measured from ___ ___ from either the artery or vein

blood gases

When measuring blood gases for acid-base, ___ samples are better than ___ samples, due to the latter expending some of sample

arterial, venous

When obtaining a sample for blood gases, the syringe and needle should be coated in ___, and there should be a ___ prep at the site. When sticking the angle is going to be ___, and is to be held ___. Prevent air exposure by putting the needle into a ___. If unable to run immediately ___ the sample

heparin, surgical, steep, ALAIT, stopper, cool

Fluid therapy tends to have a ___ margin of error except if the ___ and ___ aren’t functioning normally

large, heart, kidneys

The 6 questions of fluid therapy:

Is it needed? What type of fluid? What route? What rate? How much? When to stop?

hypertonic solution is used for fluid therapy when there is a loss of ___ from ___ to draw out fluids from ICF

hypotonic, ECF

Isotonic fluids are used when ___ is lost

isotonic

Hypotonic fluids are used for fluid therapy when ___ fluid is lost

hypertonic

Indications of neccesity of fluid therapy: need to increase ___ volume, ___ access, establish ___

plasma, venous, diuresis

Balanced fluids are similar to ___ and an example of a type of fluid is ___

ECF, LRS

An example of unbalanced fluids is ___ ___

0.9% NaCl

Crystalloid fluids are used for ___. Examples of fluids ___, ___, ___ ___, ___ saline

LRS, NaCl, 5% dextrose, hypertonic

Colloids fluids are large ___, and the fluids stay in the ___. Examples of colloids ___,___

molecules, plasma, hetastarch, plasma

Crystalloids has a low amount of ___ and high amounts of ___

Na, K

When adding KCl to fluids must not go above ___ ___

0.5 mEg/kg/hr

If a patient is hypovolemia, the ___ needs to be replaced

volume

When persistent vomiting occurs ___ with ___ added due to loss of pH

0.9% NaCl, KCl

Routes for fluid therapy: ___, ___, ___, ___, ___

intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intraosseus, oral

Indications for intravenous fluid therapy: severe ___, severe ___, acute ___, and during ___

illness, loss, loss, anesthesia

Locations for intravenous fluid therapy: ___, ___ and both ___ and ___ ___

jugular, cephalic, lateral, medial saphenous

The jugular route for fluid therapy is used for large ___, and can access ___ but is ___ to the animal

volume, CVP, irritating

Cephalic veins for fluid therapy can be ___ and could become ___

positional, irritating

Subq fluid therapy is for ___ therapy

supplemental

When giving subq fluids each site should have ___ ___ administered. it is unlikely to ___, and it is simple enough to teach ___

10 ml/kg, overload, owners

Contraindications for subq fluids: ___, ___ losses, and extreme ___, ___, ___ or ___ fluids, and not with ___ as bacteria can grow, and in ___ animals because not enough fluids can be given

acute, severe, dehydration, hypothermia, irritating, hypertonic, D5W, large

Oral fluid therapy is good as large ___ can be intaked, and ___ can be given.

volume, hypertonic

Limitations of oral fluid therapy includes ___ disturbances, and it is ___, and may be slow for acute or severe loss

GI, slow

Intraperitoneal fluid therapy has good ___ about the same as subq

absorbtion

Problems with intraperitoneal fluid therapy only ___ fluid can be used, and may cause ___

isotonic, peritonitis

Intraosseous fluid therapy is an alternative to IV because it is ___, and doesn't ___ the veins

rapid, collapse

Locations intraosseous fluid therapy can be done: ___ ___ ___, ___ ___, ___ ___

medial tibial tuberosity, trochanteric fossa, greater tubercle

For the placement of intraosseous line, ___ prep must be done, local anesthetic when piercing the ___, but it may not need any if using a ___. Use twisting pressure to penetrate the ___, and flush the cannula with ___, and secure the ___

surgical, periosteum, BIG, cortex, saline, cannula

The flow or rate of therapy depends on the ___ of the route

radius

The rate of fluid therapy depends on the characteristics of the ___

loss

If the fluid loss characteristics is rapid or severre, ___ replacement is used, and ___ blood volume is given per hour

rapid, 1