Untitled Flashcards Set

What happens to the rate of reaction when temperature increases?

The rate of reaction increases because more molecules have enough energy to overcome activation energy, and collisions are more frequent and energetic.

For endothermic dissolving, what is the effect of an increase in temperature on solubility?

An increase in temperature leads to an increase in solubility.

What are the two effects of adding a solute to a solvent?

Boiling point elevation and freezing point depression.

What does the van’t Hoff factor (i) account for?

The van’t Hoff factor accounts for ionization of solute particles in a solution.

What is Le Châtelier’s principle?

If a change is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system shifts in a direction to counteract the change.

What happens when Q < K in a reaction?

The reaction shifts to the right, producing more products.

How does the behavior of strong acids differ from weak acids?

Strong acids fully dissociate in solution, resulting in a low pH, while weak acids partially dissociate.

When is a buffer most effective?

A buffer is most effective when its pH is close to the pKa value.

What is the significance of the half-equivalence point in titration?

At the half-equivalence point, pH equals pKa.

What occurs when a common ion is added to a solution?

The solubility of the compound decreases.

What defines a Galvanic cell?

A Galvanic cell is spontaneous, with a positive E° and negative ΔG.

What is the role of the anode in an electrochemical cell?

The anode is where oxidation occurs.

How can the strength of an oxidizing agent be determined?

Higher E° values indicate a stronger oxidizing agent.

What is the relationship between spontaneity and Gibbs free energy (ΔG)?

A negative ΔG indicates that a reaction is spontaneous.

What is the Nernst Equation used for?

The Nernst Equation is used to calculate cell potential under non-standard conditions: E = E° - (RT/nF) \ln(Q), where E is the cell potential, E° is the standard cell potential, R is the gas constant, T is the temperature, n is the number of moles of electrons transferred, F is Faraday's constant, and Q is the reaction quotient.

How does an electrolytic cell differ from a galvanic cell?

An electrolytic cell is non-spontaneous and requires an external voltage source to drive the reaction, resulting in a negative E° and positive ΔG.

What is Faraday's Law of Electrolysis?

Faraday's Law relates the amount of substance produced at an electrode during electrolysis to the quantity of charge passed through the cell: m = (Q/nF) * M, where m is the mass of substance, Q is the charge, n is the number of moles of electrons, F is Faraday's constant, and M is the molar mass.

What are the key characteristics of a first-order reaction?

The rate of a first-order reaction depends only on one reactant concentration: rate = k[A], where k is the rate constant and [A] is the concentration of reactant A. The half-life is constant and independent of concentration.

How does a catalyst affect activation energy and reaction rate?

A catalyst lowers the activation energy of a reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway, thus increasing the reaction rate without being consumed in the process.

What does a buffer solution consist of?

A buffer solution consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid, allowing it to resist changes in pH upon addition of small amounts of acid or base.

What is the Arrhenius equation, and how does it relate temperature to the rate constant?

The Arrhenius equation is k = Ae^{-Ea/RT}, where k is the rate constant, A is the pre-exponential factor, Ea is the activation energy, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature. It shows that the rate constant increases with temperature.

Explain how collision theory describes the factors affecting reaction rates.

Collision theory states that for a reaction to occur, reactant molecules must collide with sufficient energy (activation energy) and proper orientation. Increasing concentration or temperature increases the frequency and energy of collisions, thus increasing the reaction rate.

Describe the characteristics of zero-order and second-order reactions.

In a zero-order reaction, the rate is independent of the concentration of the reactant: rate = k. In a second-order reaction, the rate depends on the square of the concentration of one reactant or the product of the concentrations of two reactants: rate = k[A]^2 or rate = k[A][B].

What factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction?

The rate of a chemical reaction is affected by several factors, including: Reactant Concentration, Temperature, Presence of a Catalyst, Surface Area, and Pressure (for reactions involving gases).

What is the effect of increasing reactant concentration on reaction rate?

Increasing the concentration of reactants generally increases the reaction rate because there are more molecules available to react, leading to more frequent collisions.

How do catalysts increase the rate of reaction?

Catalysts increase the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur, providing an alternative reaction pathway.

What happens to the rate of reaction when temperature increases?

The rate of reaction increases because more molecules have enough energy to overcome activation energy, and collisions are more frequent and energetic.

For endothermic dissolving, what is the effect of an increase in temperature on solubility?

An increase in temperature leads to an increase in solubility.

What are the two effects of adding a solute to a solvent?

Boiling point elevation and freezing point depression.

What does the van’t Hoff factor (i) account for?

The van’t Hoff factor accounts for ionization of solute particles in a solution.

What is Le Châtelier’s principle?

If a change is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system shifts in a direction to counteract the change.

What happens when Q < K in a reaction?

The reaction shifts to the right, producing more products.

How does the behavior of strong acids differ from weak acids?

Strong acids fully dissociate in solution, resulting in a low pH, while weak acids partially dissociate.

When is a buffer most effective?

A buffer is most effective when its pH is close to the pKa value.

What is the significance of the half-equivalence point in titration?

At the half-equivalence point, pH equals pKa.

What occurs when a common ion is added to a solution?

The solubility of the compound decreases.

What defines a Galvanic cell?

A Galvanic cell is spontaneous, with a positive E° and negative ΔG.

What is the role of the anode in an electrochemical cell?

The anode is where oxidation occurs.

How can the strength of an oxidizing agent be determined?

Higher E° values indicate a stronger oxidizing agent.

What is the relationship between spontaneity and Gibbs free energy (ΔG)?

A negative ΔG indicates that a reaction is spontaneous.

What is the Nernst Equation used for?

The Nernst Equation is used to calculate cell potential under non-standard conditions: E = E° - (RT/nF) \ln(Q), where E is the cell potential, E° is the standard cell potential, R is the gas constant, T is the temperature, n is the number of moles of electrons transferred, F is Faraday's constant, and Q is the reaction quotient.

How does an electrolytic cell differ from a galvanic cell?

An electrolytic cell is non-spontaneous and requires an external voltage source to drive the reaction, resulting in a negative E° and positive ΔG.

What is Faraday's Law of Electrolysis?

Faraday's Law relates the amount of substance produced at an electrode during electrolysis to the quantity of charge passed through the cell: m = (Q/nF) \* M, where m is the mass of substance, Q is the charge, n is the number of moles of electrons, F is Faraday's constant, and M is the molar mass.

What are the key characteristics of a first-order reaction?

The rate of a first-order reaction depends only on one reactant concentration: rate = k[A], where k is the rate constant and [A] is the concentration of reactant A. The half-life is constant and independent of concentration.

How does a catalyst affect activation energy and reaction rate?

A catalyst lowers the activation energy of a reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway, thus increasing the reaction rate without being consumed in the process.

What does a buffer solution consist of?

A buffer solution consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid, allowing it to resist changes in pH upon addition of small amounts of acid or base.

What is the Arrhenius equation, and how does it relate temperature to the rate constant?

The Arrhenius equation is k = Ae^{-Ea/RT}, where k is the rate constant, A is the pre-exponential factor, Ea is the activation energy, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature. It shows that the rate constant increases with temperature.

Explain how collision theory describes the factors affecting reaction rates.

Collision theory states that for a reaction to occur, reactant molecules must collide with sufficient energy (activation energy) and proper orientation. Increasing concentration or temperature increases the frequency and energy of collisions, thus increasing the reaction rate.

Describe the characteristics of zero-order and second-order reactions.

In a zero-order reaction, the rate is independent of the concentration of the reactant: rate = k. In a second-order reaction, the rate depends on the square of the concentration of one reactant or the product of the concentrations of two reactants: rate = k[A]^2 or rate = k[A][B].

What factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction?

The rate of a chemical reaction is affected by several factors, including: Reactant Concentration, Temperature, Presence of a Catalyst, Surface Area, and Pressure (for reactions involving gases).

What is the effect of increasing reactant concentration on reaction rate?

Increasing the concentration of reactants generally increases the reaction rate because there are more molecules available to react, leading to more frequent collisions.

How do catalysts increase the rate of reaction?

Catalysts increase the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur, providing an alternative reaction pathway.

Define half-life and rate-determining step in chemical kinetics.

The half-life is the time required for half of the reactant to be converted into product. It is constant for first-order reactions and can be used to determine the rate constant.

The rate-determining step is the slowest step in a reaction mechanism, which determines the overall rate of the reaction.

Describe the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.

Homogeneous catalysts are in the same phase as the reactants, while heterogeneous catalysts are in a different phase. Surface area and the ability for reactants to adsorb onto the catalyst are crucial for heterogeneous catalysis.

What is the common ion effect, and how does it affect solubility?

The common ion effect is the decrease in solubility of a salt when an ion common to the salt is added to the solution. This is a consequence of Le Châtelier's principle.

Explain the process of titration and define the term equivalence point.

Titration is a technique used to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration (the standard solution). The equivalence point is when the amount of titrant added is stoichiometrically equivalent to the analyte.

How do buffers work, and what determines their effectiveness?

Buffers resist changes in pH by neutralizing added acid or base. They are most effective within ±1 pH unit of their pKa value.