Untitled Flashcards Set

🧪 Exam 1: Colligative Properties, Kinetics, Solutions

🔥 Temperature Effects

• Rate of reaction increases with temperature because:

  • More molecules have enough energy to overcome activation energy (Ea).

  • Collisions are more frequent and energetic.

• Solubility:

  • For endothermic dissolving (ΔH > 0): ↑ temperature → ↑ solubility

  • For exothermic dissolving (ΔH < 0): ↑ temperature → ↓ solubility

💧 Boiling/Freezing Point

• Adding a solute causes:

  • Boiling point elevation (harder to vaporize)

  • Freezing point depression (harder to form solid)

  • Due to vapor pressure lowering by solute particles

📈 Concentration & Colligative Effects

• Depends only on # of solute particles, not identity

• Use i = van’t Hoff factor to account for ionization (e.g. NaCl → i = 2)

⚖ Exam 2: Equilibrium, Acids/Bases

📊 Le Châtelier’s Principle

⚗ Equilibrium & Q vs. K

• Q < K → shift right (make more products)

• Q > K → shift left (use up products)

• Q = K → at equilibrium

💡 Acid/Base Behavior

• Strong acids = 100% dissociation, low pH

• Weak acids = partial dissociation, use ICE table

• Conjugate base of strong acid = very weak base (and vice versa)

🧪 Exam 3: Buffers, Titration, Solubility, Entropy

🧴 Buffers

• Work best when pH ≈ pKa

• Adding:

  • Strong acid → buffer resists pH drop

  • Strong base → buffer resists pH rise

🧪 Titration

• Half-equivalence point → pH = pKa

• Equivalence point:

  • Weak acid + strong base → pH > 7

  • Strong acid + strong base → pH = 7

  • Weak base + strong acid → pH < 7

💥 Solubility and Precipitation

• Add common ion → decrease solubility

• Precipitate forms if Q > Ksp

🔺 Entropy (ΔS)

🔋 Exam 4: Electrochemistry & Thermodynamics

⚡ Electrochemical Cells

• Galvanic cell = spontaneous (E° > 0, ΔG < 0)

  • Anode: oxidation

  • Cathode: reduction

  • Electrons flow: anode → cathode

• Electrolytic cell = nonspontaneous (external energy input)

⚙ Redox Conceptual

• Higher E° = stronger oxidizing agent

• Species with lower E° gets oxidized

🔁 Spontaneity