Civil Rights Movement in the U.S. (1954-1965)

Discrimination

Unjust treatment based on race or ethnicity.

Racism

Belief in racial superiority leading to discrimination.

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacist group opposing civil rights.

Disenfranchisement

Denial of voting rights to specific groups.

Segregation

Separation of races in public spaces and services.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 ruling declaring school segregation unconstitutional.

Separate but Equal

Legal doctrine allowing racial segregation under equality.

Little Rock Nine

Group of African American students integrating a high school.

Federal Intervention

Government action to enforce laws or protect rights.

Economic Discrimination

Inequitable treatment in employment and wages based on race.

Employment Disparities

Inequalities in job opportunities and pay for minorities.

Agency Biases

Discriminatory practices by employment agencies against minorities.

Union Barriers

Obstacles preventing African Americans from joining labor unions.

Wage Disparities

Differences in pay between racial groups for similar work.

Gender Intersectionality

Overlapping discrimination faced by women of color.

Housing Disparities

Inequities in housing opportunities and conditions for minorities.

Redlining

Discriminatory practice denying loans based on neighborhood demographics.

Lending Biases

Financial institutions discriminating against minority neighborhoods.

Restrictive Covenants

Clauses preventing property sales to African Americans.

White Flight

Migration of whites to suburbs, leaving urban areas.

Economic Shift

Movement of resources from cities to suburbs.

Access to Care

Availability of healthcare services for African Americans.

Segregated Hospitals

Separate healthcare facilities for African Americans, often underfunded.

Preventive Care

Lack of preventive healthcare in African American communities.

Disparities in Treatment

Inequities in healthcare received by African Americans.

Bias in Care

Discrimination leading to inferior treatment for African Americans.

Research Neglect

Lack of medical research on African American health issues.

Funding Imbalances

Unequal financial resources for schools serving African Americans.

Resource Scarcity

Limited educational materials and overcrowded classrooms.

Teacher Shortages

Difficulty attracting quality teachers to underfunded schools.

Curriculum Biases

Textbooks often omit significant African American history.

Erasure of History

Marginalization of African American achievements in education.

Cultural Ignorance

Lack of diverse representation in educational materials.

Inferior Amenities

Substandard public facilities available to African Americans.

Recreation and Culture

Fewer and poorly maintained public spaces for African Americans.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern U.S.

Long-Term Effects

Ongoing impacts of Jim Crow on African American communities.

Societal Stereotypes

Negative perceptions of African Americans reinforced by history.

Media Representation

Derogatory portrayals of African Americans in media.

Wealth Transfer Hurdles

Obstacles to generational wealth for African Americans.

Contemporary Disparities

Significant wealth gap affecting education and housing.

Continued Segregation

Ongoing racial divides in housing and education.

Psychological Impact

Negative effects of discrimination on African American self-perception.

Voter Suppression

Efforts to disenfranchise African Americans politically.

Representation Challenges

Barriers to political representation for African Americans.

Resilience

African Americans' strength against discriminatory practices.

Civil Rights Movement

A struggle for social justice and equality.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955-1956 protest against bus segregation.

Rosa Parks

Activist whose arrest sparked the boycott.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Leader of the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Supreme Court Ruling

Declared bus segregation unconstitutional after boycott.

Freedom Rides

1961 protests to enforce desegregation on buses.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Organized the Freedom Rides for civil rights.

Kennedy Administration

Faced pressure to desegregate interstate transportation.

Freedom Summer

1964 campaign to increase Black voter registration.

Freedom Schools

Educational programs for African Americans' voting rights.

Voting Rights Act (1965)

Legislation ensuring African American voting rights.

Civil Rights Act (1964)

Outlawed segregation in public places.

Post-WWII America

Period of heightened awareness for human rights.

Lyndon B. Johnson

President who ensured Civil Rights Act's passage.

Kennedy's Advocacy

Promoted civil rights as a moral issue.

Birmingham Protests

Civil rights actions that raised national awareness.

Legislative Changes

Legal reforms to protect African American rights.

National Attention

Increased focus on civil rights issues.

Violence Against Protesters

Severe reactions faced by Freedom Riders.

Activism

Efforts to promote social change and justice.

Segregation Outlawed

Civil Rights Act ended legal racial segregation.

Workplace fairness

Prohibition of employment discrimination based on identity.

Federal enforcement tools

Government powers to enforce desegregation in schools.

Voting Rights Act (1965)

Legislation aimed at eliminating voting discrimination.

Targeting disenfranchisement

Addressing barriers like literacy tests and poll taxes.

Federal intervention

Government oversight of voter registration in discriminatory areas.

Black voter registration

Increased from 7% in 1964 to 59% in 1969.

Empowerment

Giving African Americans a voice in politics.

Ripples in society

Political representation leading to social and economic progress.

Ongoing relevance

Provisions renewed to maintain voting protections.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Leader advocating non-violent resistance for civil rights.

Malcolm X

Proponent of Black nationalism and self-sufficiency.

Lyndon Johnson

President who supported civil rights legislation.

NAACP

Civil rights organization focused on legal challenges.

SNCC

Student-led group promoting civil rights activism.

NOI

Nation of Islam advocating for Black empowerment.

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference promoting non-violence.

Non-violent Resistance

Protest strategy inspired by Gandhi's principles.

Christian Love

King's belief in love as a tool for change.

Integration

Vision of a society judged by character, not race.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Year-long protest against bus segregation led by King.

March on Washington

1963 event where King delivered his famous speech.

Birmingham Campaign

Non-violent protests highlighting racial injustices in Birmingham.

Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Recognition of King's non-violent efforts for equality.

Influence on Legislation

King's activism helped pass key civil rights laws.

Global Inspiration

King's methods influenced worldwide civil rights movements.

Black Nationalism

Malcolm X's advocacy for separate Black states.

Self-defense

Malcolm X's belief in using violence for protection.

Islam

Malcolm X viewed Islam as empowerment for Black Americans.

Organisation of Afro-American Unity (OAAU)

Group aimed at uniting people of African descent.

Nation of Islam

Malcolm X's platform for promoting Black ideologies.

Shift towards Orthodox Islam

Malcolm's pilgrimage redefined his religious beliefs.

Autobiography

Malcolm X's life story highlighting race dynamics.

Black Power Movement

Movement influenced by Malcolm X's radical ideas.