Ch. 13 - Blood system

acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL)

malignant, immature lymphocytes multiply in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system

acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

malignant, immature granulocytes called myeloblasts multiply in the bone marrow and bloodstream

albumin

protein found in blood

anemia

condition marked by reduction in the number of erythrocytes or in the amount of hemoglobin in blood

anisocytosis

inequality in the size of red blood cells

antibody

protein made by white blood cells in response to foreign substances (antigens) in the blood

anticoagulant

substance that prevents blood clotting

antigen

substance that stimulates the production of antibodies

antiglobulin test

test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes; Coombs test.

apheresis

withdrawal and separation of blood elements

aplastic anemia

failure of blood cell production due to aplasia (absence of formation) of bone marrow cells

autologous transfusion

removal and then reinfusion of a patient’s own blood or blood components

basophil

white blood cell (leukocyte) containing dark granules that stain with a basic dye

bilirubin

orange-yellow pigment found in bile. it is released from the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells die.

bleeding time

time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound.

blood transfusion

blood cells or whole blood from a closely match donor are infused into a patient

bone marrow biopsy

needle aspiration of a small amount of bone marrow followed by examination under a microscope

chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL)

malignant, but relatively mature lymphocytes, multiply in bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen

chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

malignant, but relatively mature granulocytic leukocytes multiply in the bloodstream

coagulation

process of blood clotting

coagulation time

time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube

coagulopathy

disease of blood clotting

colony-stimulating factor

protein that stimulates the growth and proliferation of white blood cells (granulocytes)

complete blood count

determination of the number of red and white blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red cell indices (MCH, MCV, MCHC) in a sample of blood

cytology

study of cells

differentiation

specialization of cells from immature to mature forms

dyscrasia

blood disease

ecchymoses

bleeding into the skin; bruise

electrophoresis

technique used to separate serum proteins by electrical charge

eosinophil

a granular white blood cell with cytoplasmic granules that stain with eosin (a reddish dye)

eosinophilia

increase in numbers of eosinophils in the bloodstream

erythroblasts

immature, developing red blood cell

erythrocyte

red blood cell

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

measures the rate at which erythrocytes settle to the bottom of a test tube

erythropoiesis

formation of red blood cells

erythropoietin

hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate red blood cell production by bone marrow

fibrin

protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot

fibrinogen

plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process

globulins

major blood proteins; immunoglobulins, alpha, beta, and gamma globulins are examples

granulocyte

white blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules; neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil

granulocytopenia

deficiency of granulocytes

granulocytosis

increased numbers of granulocytes in the blood

hematocrit

percentage of red blood cells in a given volume of blood

hematopoiesis

formation of blood cells

hematopoietic stem cell

cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to different types of blood cells

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

peripheral (found in the blood) stem cells from a compatible donor are administered into the vein of a recipient

hemochromatosis

excessive deposits of iron throughout the body

hemoglobin

blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells

hemoglobin test

total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of blood

hemoglobinopathy

disease or defect of hemoglobin production. sickle cell anemia is an example

hemolysis

destruction of red blood cells

hemolytic anemia

reduction in erythrocytes due to excessive destruction of red blood cells

hemophilia

hereditary disease of blood clotting failure with abnormal bleeding. affected individuals are lacking a blood clotting factor (factor VIII OR factor IX)

hemostasis

stoppage of bleeding or circulation of blood

heparin

anticoagulant found in blood and tissues

hypochromic

pertaining to deficiency in color; decrease in hemoglobin in red blood cells

immune reaction

response of the immune system to foreign invasion

immunoglobulins

antibodies (proteins) secreted by B-cell lymphocytes (plasma cells)

intrinsic factor

substance normally found in gastric juice that helps absorption of vitamin B12 into the bloodstream

leukapheresis

mechanical separation of white blood cells from the rest of the blood

leukemia

disease of high numbers of malignant (cancerous) white blood cells

leukocyte

white blood cell

leukopenia

deficiency of white blood cells

lymphocyte

white blood cell found in blood and lymphatic tissue that fights disease

macrocytosis

presence of large red blood cells in the blood

macrophage

large phagocytic cell migrating from the blood into tissues

megakaryocyte

large, giant cell with a big nucleus; platelet precursor found in the bone marrow

microcytosis

increased numbers of smaller than normal red blood cells

monoblast

immature monocyte

monocyte

white blood cell with one large nucleus; capable of killing foreign substances by phagocytosis (ingestion)

mononuclear

pertaining to a white blood cell with a single, round nucleus; monocyte or lymphocyte

mononucleosis

infectious disease marked by increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes

morphology

study of the shape or form of cells

multiple myeloma

malignant tumor of bone marrow cells (plasma cells that produce immunoglobulins)

myeloblast

immature granulocytic white blood cell; a cell normally only found in the bone marrow

myelodysplasia

abnormal (ineffective) production of myeloid cells in bone marrow

myelogenous

pertaining to cells produced in the bone marrow

myeloid

derived from bone marrow

myelopoiesis

formation of bone marrow

neutropenia

deficiency of neutrophils

neutrophil

a granular leukocyte; important disease-fighting cell

neutrophilia

increased numbers of neutrophils

palliative

relieving symptoms, but not curative

pancytopenia

deficiency of all (blood) cells

pernicious anemia

lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body

petechiae

small pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin

phagocyte

cell that engulfs another cell or foreign organism and destroys it

plasma

liquid portion of blood containing proteins, water, salts, nutrients, hormones, and vitamins

plasmapheresis

removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge

platelet

clotting cell also called thrombocyte

platelet count

number of platelet per cubic millimeter (mm3) or microliter (mL) of blood

plateletpheresis

separation of platelets from the rest of the blood

poikilocytosis

variation in the shape of red blood cells

polycythemia vera

increase in numbers of red blood cells (erythemia)

polymorphonuclear

pertaining to a multi-lobed nucleus (in granulocytic white blood cells)

prothrombin

plasma protein converted to thrombin in the clotting process

prothrombin time

test of the ability of blood to clot

purpura

multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin caused by deficiency of clotting cells

red blood cell count

number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

red blood cell morphology

microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red blood cells