Mizzou Philosophy 1000 exam 2

Gettier's Argument

Demonstrates that justified true belief can occur through luck or false premises, using examples like the man with 10 coins and the capital of California to illustrate that true beliefs can exist without being knowledge.

Williamson's Position

Argues that the search for a solution to the Gettier problem is misguided, asserting that knowledge is more fundamental than belief and that internalism is false.

Do we know that other minds exist?

A question posed by Russell, suggesting that knowledge of other minds can only be inferred or analogized.

What constitutes knowledge?:

Central to the discussions of Plato, Gettier, and Williamson, focusing on the nature of justification and the implications of the Gettier problem.

Knowledge vs. True Belief

Plato's distinction where knowledge is considered more valuable than mere true belief, emphasizing the importance of understanding what makes a belief true.

Gettier Problem

A philosophical issue that questions whether justified true belief can be considered knowledge, highlighting scenarios where luck or false premises lead to true beliefs that do not qualify as knowledge.

Internalism vs. Externalism

Philosophical positions regarding the nature of justification in knowledge; internalism posits that justification is based on accessible reflection, while externalism emphasizes the role of the environment.

Plato

Ancient philosopher who argued that knowledge is more valuable than true belief and emphasized the importance of understanding the truth behind beliefs.

Edmund Gettier

Philosopher known for presenting the Gettier problem, which challenges the traditional definition of knowledge as justified true belief.

Timothy Williamson

Philosopher who argues that the Gettier problem has no solution and that knowledge is more fundamental than belief, rejecting internalism.

Bertrand Russell

Philosopher who questioned the existence of other minds and the nature of knowledge regarding our own minds.

Justified True Belief

The traditional definition of knowledge, which states that for someone to know something, it must be a true belief that is justified.

Internalism

The view that justification for knowledge must be accessible to the individual's reflection and reasoning.

Externalism

What theory follows? : The theory that the environment and external factors play a crucial role in the justification of knowledge.

false

All true beliefs are knowledge.
- True
- False

True

The skeptical hypothesis is the claim that it is impossible to know that there is an external world.
- True
- False

When one has a justified true belief.

For our purposes, when does one have knowledge?
- When one has a justified true belief.
- When one has a true belief.
- When one has a justified belief.
- When one has a justified truth.

Our senses are not reliable and a demon might be deceiving our reasoning.

Descartes thinks the skeptical hypothesis might be true because
- Our senses are not reliable and a demon might be deceiving our reasoning.
- Our senses are not reliable.
- God can be deceiving us.
- A demon might be deceiving our receiving

true

Statements are necessarily true when it is impossible that they are false.
- True
- False

true

T or F? The skeptical hypothesis is the claim that it is impossible to know that there is an external world.

Our senses are not reliable and a demon might be deceiving our reasoning

Descartes thinks the skeptical hypothesis might be true because

We cannot know that there is an external world

What is The Skeptical Hypothesis

Common sense and representative

What are the 2 forms of realism?

Williamson’s Example

• All crimson is red

• All red are NOT crimson

  • Crimson = Red + X

  • Knowledge = true belief + X

Bertrand Russel

Which philosopher is known for : only by an analogy, or interface, do we think we know of each other minds

It’s a non-starter

What do realists think about the skeptical hypothesis?

true

T or F? Statements are necessarily true when it's impossible that they are false

true

T or F? The skeptical hypothesis is the claim that it is impossible to know that there is an external world.

when one has a justified true belief

For our purposes, when does one have knowledge?

Presentism

What theory follows? : no objects exist in time without being present

Determinism

What theory follows? : the past fully determines the future.

Egalitarianism

What theory follows? : considers equality as a central political value

Epistemology

What is the theory of knowledge?

Idealism

What we think about reality is only ideas in our minds; at the end, we have no justification for the existence of the external world.

Propositional knowledge

Epistemology is principally concerned with-

Truth

The most uncontroversial component of propositional knowledge is-

true

There cannot be learning without teaching, according to Socrates

false

Williamson defends epistemological internalism.

false

Williamson argues that the Gettier problem has a solution.

true

If you are in Kepler-11 you don’t know that there are penguins in Antarctica.

Kant

Moore primarily engages with which philosopher in his lecture?

three

How many conditions does Moore think a valid proof must meet?

false

All philosophers would accept Moore’s proof, according to Moore.

false

Moore thinks Kant’s proof of the external world is the only possible proof.

true

Williamson defends a knowledge-first approach/methodology.

false

If we know that other living things exist, we also know other minds exist

true

We can know of other minds only through inference, according to Russell.

false

Descartes thinks that none of our knowledge can be doubted