APHuG Unit 2 Overview

Demography

Scientific study of population characteristics.

Ecumene

Areas of Earth that are permanently inhabited by humans.

Population Clusters

Regions with the largest concentrations of people (East Asia, South Asia, Europe, Southeast Asia).

Sparsely Populated Areas

Regions with harsh conditions such as deserts, mountains, or polar regions that limit settlement.

Arithmetic Density

Total population divided by total land area.

Agricultural Density

Number of farmers divided by amount of arable land.

Physiological Density

Total population divided by amount of arable land.

Population Pyramid

Graph showing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Age Distribution

How the population is spread across different age groups.

Booms, Busts, Echoes

Fluctuations in population growth due to historical events (e.g., baby boom).

Anomalies

Unexpected changes or irregularities in a population pyramid.

Dependency Ratio

Number of dependents (young + elderly) compared to working-age population.

Sex Ratio

Number of males compared to females in a population.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Number of live births per 1,000 people in a year.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Number of deaths per 1,000 people in a year.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI/NIR)

Population growth rate (CBR - CDR).

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of children a woman is expected to have.

Demographic Equation

Formula: Population2 = Population1 + Births - Deaths + Immigrants - Emigrants.

Population Explosion

Rapid growth of the world's human population.

Doubling Time

Years it takes for a population to double in size.

Replacement Level

TFR = 2.1, keeps population stable.

Demographic Momentum

Population growth continues due to a large proportion of young people.

Life Expectancy

Average number of years a person is expected to live.

U.S. Population Clusters

Concentrations of people in the Northeast, California, and urban areas; historical shifts westward and southward.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Explains population growth and change through 5 stages.

DTM Stage 1

High birth rates and death rates, little population growth.

DTM Stage 2

Death rates drop, birth rates remain high, population grows rapidly.

DTM Stage 3

Birth rates begin to decline, death rates continue to fall, growth slows.

DTM Stage 4

Low birth and death rates, stable or slow population growth.

DTM Stage 5

Very low birth rates, aging population, possible decline.

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

Explains changes in causes of death across DTM stages.

Women in Demographic Change

Improved status, education, and employment for women lowers fertility rates.

Malthusian Theory

Thomas Malthus' idea that population grows faster than food supply.

Neo-Malthusians

Modern supporters of Malthus, argue overpopulation threatens resources.

Ester Boserup

Argued that human innovation increases food supply when needed.

Overpopulation

When population exceeds carrying capacity.

Carrying Capacity

Maximum number of people the environment can sustain.

Population Policies

Government strategies to influence population growth.

Anti-Natalist Policy

Discourages births (e.g., China's One-Child Policy, India's sterilization programs).

Pro-Natalist Policy

Encourages births (e.g., France, Japan, Germany).

Aging Populations

Stage 5 issue: economic and healthcare challenges from many elderly people.

Push Factor

Negative reason that causes people to leave an area (e.g., war, unemployment).

Pull Factor

Positive reason that attracts people to a new area (e.g., jobs, safety).

Forced Migration

Migration with no choice, usually due to war, persecution, or disaster.

Voluntary Migration

Migration by choice for better opportunities.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

General principles describing why, where, and how people migrate.

Intervening Obstacle

Barrier that prevents migration (e.g., mountains, lack of money, laws).

Intervening Opportunity

Closer alternative reduces need to migrate farther.

Zelinsky's Migration Transition

Model linking migration patterns to stages of the DTM.

Transhumance

Seasonal migration of livestock between pastures.

Immigration

Moving into a country.

Emigration

Leaving a country.

International Migration

Moving permanently to another country.

Internal Migration

Movement within the same country.

Interregional Migration

Movement between regions (e.g., rural to urban).

Intraregional Migration

Movement within one region (e.g., suburbs to city).

Step Migration

Migration that happens in stages (village → town → city).

Chain Migration

Following relatives or members of the same community to a new place.

Cyclic Movement

Temporary, repeated movement (e.g., commuting, seasonal work).

Transnational Migrant

Person who lives/works in more than one country.

Refugee

Forced to leave home country due to danger or persecution.

Asylum Seeker

Refugee applying for protection in another country.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Forced to move but stays within their home country.

Guest Worker

Temporary migrant worker in another country.

Remittance

Money migrants send home to family in origin country.

Brain Drain

Loss of educated/talented workers from a country.

Pandemic

Disease that spreads worldwide.

Xenophobia

Fear or hatred of foreigners and different cultures.