Urban Futures - London (AC) Case Study

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Overview of London

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Overview of London

  • 8.9 million population

  • Population grew steadily, dropped, then grew again (urbanisation, counter urbanisation, re-urbanisation)

  • Few old people - counter urbanisation for retirement

  • Lots of young people (working age) - having children

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London’s importance within its region

  • Companies are attracted to the region because it is close to London → increases jobs and wealth

    • The South East and East of England are the two biggest regional economies in the UK

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London’s importance within the country

  • UK capital city

  • Essential part of economy

    • Over 20% of UK’s income comes from London

  • Centre of UK’s transport system → has road, rail, air and shipping links

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London’s importance within the wider world

  • A world city '

  • A alpha++ city (2) - integrated with the global economy

  • Has more foreign banks than anywhere else

  • Where headquarters of many large international companies are based

    • E.g. KPMG

  • Attracts investment and migrants worldwide

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International migration in London

  • In 2014, around 100 thousand more people arrived in London than left

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National migration in London

  • Young adults move for work/study

  • Older people move out of the city (counter-urbanisation)

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Migration effects on city

  • London has top-class universities (e.g. UCL, LSE) so there is a large student population. Students come globally.

    • 20% of students are from overseas

  • Population density is very high

    • over 5000 people per km^2

  • Character changes → people with the same ethnicity tend to settle in the same place

    • Southall has a large Indian market

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Features of London: culture and ethnicity

  • International migration → high ethnic diversity

    • Some areas e.g. Chinatown have a high proportion of people from one ethnic bacground → provides food, music so people are attracted

  • Many big festivals celebrating different cultures and ethnic backgrounds e.g. the annual Afro-Caribbean Notting Hill Carnival

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Features of London: housing

Rich areas (e.g. Sutton - suburbs) have modern apartments/large houses with gardens

Poor areas (e.g. Newham - east London) have high housing density and houses are split to house multiple families

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Features of London: leisure

  • West End (theatres)

  • Museums (e.g. British Museum)

  • Art galleries (e.g. National gallery)

  • Fashion events (e.g. London Fashion Week)

  • Large parks (e.g. Hyde Park)

  • Popular visitor attractions (e.g. Tower of London, London Eye)

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Features of London: consumption

Consumes a huge amount of resources (e.g. food and water)

Londoners consume nearly 7 million tonnes of food every year, most of it is imported

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Challenges: housing availability

  • The population is growing rapidly, homes have not been built at the same pace

  • House prices are some of the least affordable in the world → workers on lower incomes can’t afford to live near their workplace

  • The Mayor of London’s office has calculated 66,000 new homes are needed each year; recent new building has averaged 20,000 per year

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Challenges: transport provision

  • Roads are often congested

    • Average traffic speed between 7am and 7pm in central London is only 8mph

  • Around 1 million people use trains that are overcrowded

  • The population increase causes the transport network to be put under considerable strain

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Challenges: access to services

  • Healthcare → free on the NHS but services are often overwhelmed (waiting times increased, ambulances have to cope with increased traffic)

  • Education → best state schools e.g. Holland Park are over-subscribed. Wealthy parents send children to fee-paying schools, poorer parents send children to under-performing schools

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Challenges: inequality

  • London is home to richest and poorest people in the UK

  • Unhealthy lifestyles (e.g. drinking, smoking) is more common in deprived areas → lower life expectancy

    • Poplar is one mile away from Canary Wharf and has a lower life expectancy (79 to 88)

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Sustainable solutions for transport provision challenge

  • Crossrail (the Elizabeth line) was recently built → increases rail capacity in central London by 10%

  • Rail and Underground capacity being increased and running more trains every hour

  • Congestion charges → discourages drivers from entering city centre (especially diesel cars)

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