BIO

chloroplast

an organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis

lysosome

contain enzymes that digest wastes and worn-out cell parts

Golgi Body (Apparatus)

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

cell wall

strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria

cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

nucleus

structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA and controls the cells activities

organelles

In eukaryotic cells, the structures within the cytoplasm that break down food, move wastes, store materials, etc.

ribosomes

small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein

vacuole

A cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. Plants have only one large one.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

creates lipids for the cell membrane, detoxifies drugs

cell membrane

thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

mitochondria

Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

centrioles

a tiny cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

nuclear membrane

controls what goes in and out of the nucleus, surrounds the nucleus

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, aids in movement & helps cells divide during mitosis

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled.

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics

Eukaryotic cells

have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

prokaryotic cell

cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Vesicles

"Mail men," small membrane bound sacs that transport materials around cell and to cell membrane

Mitochondria

power house

Chloroplast

where photosynthesis takes place

Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria

Semi-permeable

Allows some materials (not all) to pass through.

Celluose

Polysaccharide of glucose that forms plant's cell walls

central vacuole

An organelle in plant cells that holds materials and helps maintain the cell's shape through turgor pressure.

Active Transport

the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy

Two types of active transport

endocytosis and exocytosis

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Three types of passive transport

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

hypotnic

low concentration of solutes outside the cell, explodes

Isotonic

Having the same solute concentration as another solution.

Hans Janssen and Zacharias Janssen

made first compound microscope

Robert Hooke (1665)

Discovered cells (three lens system)

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1673)

Observed living microorganisms through a magnifying lens greater than 400 "scopes".

Joseph Lister

Uses 2 or more curved lenses and a light source to magnify objects

Francesco Redi

This scientist disproved spontaneous generation by showing that maggots do not spontaneously arise from decaying meat.

John Needham (1745)

claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765)

repeated Needham's experiments to show that organisms entered the broth from air

Louis Pasteur (1822

A French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer.

Robert Brown (1831)

discovered the nucleus

M.J Schleiden & Theodor Schwann

they were studying tissues and proposed the cell theory

Henrietta Lacks

Cancer cells taken without her knowledge, became HeLa cell line.

Cell theory

all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

Robert Hooke

He gave us the word "cell" for use with living things. He discovered cells looking at CORK.

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

He saw the first LIVING microorganisms.

Matthias Schleiden

He looked at lots of PLANTS under the microscope; their leaves, flowers, roots and stems. He decided that "All plants are made of cells".

Theodor Schwann

He looked at ANIMAL tissues under the microscope and saw cells. He came to the conclusion, "All animals are made of cells".

Rudolph Virchow

He was a doctor. He studied human illness and looked at diseased body tissue. He discovered that CELLS COME FROM OTHER CELLS.

Microscope

A tool used by biologists to study microscopic (TINY) details of living things.

All living things are made of cells.

The first part of The Cell Theory based on the work of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.

Cells only come from living cells.

The third statement of The Cell Theory. This is based on Rudolf Virchow's observation of living cells reproducing.

Unicellular

What type of organism is this Amoeba?

Cell Walls

What are the tiny boxes Robert Hooke saw in this drawing?

cell theory

\*All living things are composed of cells

\*Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things

\*New cells are produced from existing cells

cell

The basic unit of life

cell membrane

The thin flexible barrier that surrounds a cell. All cells have this organelle.

nucleus

The large membrane-enclosed structure that contains genetic information in the form of DNA and controls many of the cell's acitivities

eukaryotes

Cells that enclose their DNA in nuclei; animal, plant, and fungi cells

prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea, NO NUCLEUS

Mitochindria

Powerhouse of the cell

Chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

has a cell wall

P

CCONTAINS A NUCLEUS

B

CONTAINS CHLOROPLASTS

P

HAS MANY SMALL VACUOLES

A

NUCLEUS IS IN THE CENTER OF THE CELL

A

CONTAINS LYSOSOMES

A

CONTAIN CENTRIOLES NEAR THE NUCLEUS

A

ROUND OR IRREGULAR SHAPE

A

CONTAINS MITOCHONDRIA

B

HAVE A CELL MEMBRANE

B

CONTAINS CYTOPLASM

B

CONTAINS GOLGI APPARATUS

B

CONTAINS ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

B

CONTAINS RIBOSOMES

B

CONTAINS A CELL WALL

P

CONTAINS A LARGE CENTRAL VACUOLE

P

HAS A DEFINE SHAPE (RECTANGULAR)

P

NUCLEUS IS OF TO THE SIDE OF OF THE CELL

P

Isotonic solutions

Refers to a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration of another solution

Concentration

compares the amount of something to the amount of something else,as a percent

solution

something dissolved into something else

solute

the stuff that gets dissolved

solvent

the stuff that does the dissolving

Hypertonic

a solution with a higher concentration outside the cell than inside

tonic

concentrated

Hypotonic solution

a solution with a lower concentration outside the cell than inside

Hypo

less

Hyper

more

Iso

Equal/Same

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Equilibrium

a state of balance or a stable situation where opposing forces cancel each other out and where no changes are occurring

Concentration Gradient

process of particles, which are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles