APWH Unit 3-4

Use to study for World History

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1537-1598)

General under Nobunaga; succeeded as leading military power in central Japan; continued efforts to break power of daimyos; constructed a series of alliances that made him military master of Japan in 1590.

Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616)

Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603; established political unity in Japan through the Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1873) with the capital at Edo (modern Tokyo).

Deshima

Island port in Nagasaki Bay; the only port open to non-Japanese after isolationist policies in the 1640s; only Chinese and Dutch ships permitted.

School of National Learning

Ideology emphasizing Japan's unique history and culture; rejected Chinese influences such as Confucianism; grew in the 18th century.

Sinification

Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions.

Taika Reforms

Attempt to remake the Japanese monarch into a Chinese-style absolutist emperor with a professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army.

Empress Koken (718-770)

6th empress of Japan and last until the 17th century; commissioned early woodblock printing including the Hyakumantō Darani ("One Million Pagodas and Dharani Prayers"); survived two rebellions; relationship with a Buddhist monk led to reforms limiting Buddhist political influence.

Emperor Kammu (737-806)

Moved the capital to Heian modeled on Chang'an; implemented reforms to limit Buddhist influence over government.

Heian

City later known as Kyoto; built to escape influence of Buddhist monks.

Tale of Genji

Written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any language; evidence of refined court culture during Heian Japan.

Fujiwara

Powerful aristocratic family in 9th-century Japan; dominated imperial affairs and contributed to decline of imperial power.

Bushi

Regional warrior leaders in imperial Japan; ruled local territories from fortresses; built private armies of samurai loyal to lords rather than emperor.

Seppuku (Hari-kiri)

Ritual suicide in Japan; demonstrated courage and restored family honor.

Gempei Wars (1180-1185)

Conflict between Taira and Minamoto clans; ended with Minamoto victory and establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu.

Bakufu

Military government established by Minamoto; centered at Kamakura; emperor remained but true power held by shoguns and samurai.

Hojo

Warrior family allied with Minamoto; dominated the Kamakura regime; ruled in the emperor's name.

Ashikaga Takuaji

Member of Minamoto clan who overthrew the Kamakura regime; founded Ashikaga Shogunate (1336-1573) and forced emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino.

Daimyos

Warlord rulers of small states following the Onin War; controlled consolidated territories (mini-states).

Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582)

Daimyo who first used firearms extensively; deposed last Ashikaga shogun in 1573; unified much of central Honshu; assassinated in 1582.

Luzon

Northern island of the Philippines; conquered by Spain in the 1560s; major site of Catholic missionary activity.

Early Christianity in China

Possibly introduced as early as the 6th century; present in Tang dynasty; suppressed during anti-foreign persecutions; revived under Mongol rule; reintroduced by European missionaries in the 16th century; repeatedly declined due to anti-foreign policies.

Jesuit Missionaries in China

Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall worked in Ming court; used scientific knowledge (clocks, calendars, cannons) to gain influence; few conversions achieved.

Francis Xavier (1506-1552)

Spanish Jesuit missionary; worked in India among outcastes and lower castes; had limited success with elites; first Christian missionary to reach Japan.

di Nobili, Robert (1577-1656) -

Italian Jesuit missionary in India; introduced elite-first conversion strategy later adopted across Asia; mission ultimately failed.

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) -

Founded by Hongwu after expelling the Mongols; restored scholar-gentry; Yongle Emperor sent Zheng He on major Indian Ocean expeditions (1407-1433); European merchants arrived in 16th century; dynasty ended after Chongzhen's suicide during Jurchen invasion.

Macao and Canton -

Two Chinese ports where Europeans were allowed to trade under the Ming tributary system.

Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) -

Dynasty established by the Manchu (Jurchen) people; took power during Ming decline and internal uprisings.

Kangxi Emperor (1654-1722) -

Long-reigning Qing emperor who suppressed rebellions, repelled Russia, revitalized the exam system, repaired Grand Canal, and commissioned major literary works; oversaw increased European influence.

Zamindar -

Persian term for hereditary tax collector or landowning aristocrat.

Akbar (1542-1605) -

Mughal ruler who built strong administrative and military systems; encouraged Hindu-Muslim cooperation; attempted to create syncretic religion Din-i-Ilahi.

Sati -

Ritual in India where widows were burned with their deceased husbands' bodies.

Purdah -

Practice of excluding women from public life through veiling and seclusion.

Shah Jahan (1592-1666) -

Mughal emperor known for military spending and major building projects including the Taj Mahal and Wazir Khan Mosque, creating financial strain.

Nur Jahan (1577-1645) -

Wife of Jahangir; gained political power and created a faction of influential relatives in the Mughal court.

Mumtaz Mahal (1593-1631) -

Wife of Shah Jahan; politically active; buried in the Taj Mahal.

Aurangzeb (1618-1707) -

Expanded Mughal Empire to greatest size but weakened it through religious intolerance and long wars.

Marattas (Maratha) -

Western Indian group that rebelled against Mughal rule; under Shivaji built the Maratha Confederacy; later Peshwas weakened unity.

Sikhs -

Religious sect in northwest India blending Hindu and Muslim elements; emphasized equality, justice, truth; Mughal persecution pushed Sikhs into anti-Muslim resistance.

Imams -

In Sunni Islam, prayer leaders; in Shi'ism, leaders descended from Ali.

Mullahs -

Local mosque officials in the Safavid Empire; key agents in efforts to convert population to Shi'ism.

Nadir Khan Afshar (1688-1747)

• Military leader who became Shah in 1736 after Safavid collapse; created short-lived expanding empire; attempted to convert Iran to Sunni; assassinated by his own troops.

Ottoman Empire (1299-1922)

Turkic empire encompassing much of the old Abbasid territory. Unified by Mehmed I; expanded into Balkans; captured Constantinople in 1453 under Mehmed II, ending the Byzantine Empire.

Devsirme

Ottoman "blood tax" on Balkan/Anatolian Christian communities: conscription of boys who were converted to Islam and trained for administration or Janissaries.

Janissaries

Elite Ottoman infantry made from Devsirme recruits; gained political power, resisted military modernization, and were eliminated in 1826's "Auspicious Incident."

Suleiman the Magnificent (1494-1566)

Sultan who expanded empire into Europe, North Africa, and Persia; promoted culture, law, architecture; lost naval battle at Lepanto.

Vizier

Powerful head of Ottoman bureaucracy, often more influential than the sultan after the 15th century.

Mughal Empire (1526-1540, 1556-1857)

Islamic dynasty in Northern India founded by Babur; restored by Humayan; ruled by a Shah.

Romanov Dynasty

Russian ruling family (1613-1917). Began with Michael Romanov; strengthened by Alexis Romanov, who reduced noble power and reformed church.

Peter I (the Great) (1672-1725)

Tsar who centralized power, expanded Russia, enforced Westernization, and built St. Petersburg.

Westernization

Adoption of Western European or U.S. cultural, economic, or political practices.

Catherine II (the Great) (1729-1796)

Tsarina who combined Enlightenment ideas with absolutism; strengthened nobility; expanded Russia; helped partition Poland.

Pugachev Rebellion

Peasant revolt led by Emelyan Pugachev demanding end of serfdom; suppressed; showed deep peasant unrest.

Partition of Poland

Division of Poland among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795, ending Polish independence.

Safavid Dynasty (1501-1722)

First native dynasty to rule Iran in ~800 years; founded by Turkish nomads who embraced Shi'ism.

Sail al-Din

14th-century Sufi mystic who began a campaign to purify Islam; first Safavid family member.

Isma'il (1487-1524)

First Safavid Shah; conquered Tabriz in 1501 with help from the Shi'ite Kizilbash.

Chaldiran

1514 battle where Ottomans defeated Safavids, halting Safavid westward expansion.

Maroon Communities

Settlements of runaway slaves (ex: Palmares, Suriname, Black Seminoles) that often mixed African, Indigenous, and European elements.

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery and slave trade; advanced by Olaudah Equiano and William Wilberforce (ended British trade in 1807).

Mongol Administration in Russia

Rule through basqaq (military governors) and darugi (civilian governors) to collect tribute and manage the yam postal system.

Ivan III (the Great) (1462-1505)

Prince of Moscow who expanded territory, reduced boyar power, created Pomestie system, and ended Mongol dominance.

Pomestie

Russian service-landholding system: land granted for military/bureaucratic service; non-hereditary.

Ivan IV (the Terrible) (1530-1584)

First Tsar; strengthened autocracy, used Oprichnina, expanded territory, and increased Western contacts.

Oprichnina

Tsarist policy using secret police, land confiscation, repression, and a separate loyal court to weaken nobles.

Cossacks

Peasant-adventurers skilled in farming and warfare; settled Russia's southern and Siberian frontiers.

Time of Troubles

Early 1600s political crisis after death of Ivan IV; boyar struggles and foreign invasions; ended with Michael Romanov's election.

Asante Empire

Akan state unified by Osei Tutu using firearms; ruled by Asantehene; symbolized by golden stool.

Benin

West African kingdom (13th-19th c.) known for bronze art and involvement in Atlantic slave trade.

Dahomey

Fon/Aja kingdom expanded under King Agaja; heavily involved in slave trade.

Luba Kingdom

Central African state ruled by divine kingship; politically strong; connected to inland-to-coast slave trade.

Kingdom of the Kongo

Agricultural state on lower Congo River; powerful from 14th-20th century.

Kingdom of Mutapa

Successor to Zimbabwe; controlled territory reaching the Indian Ocean; declined in 17th century due to internal conflicts and Portuguese pressure.

Great Trek

Migration of Boer settlers inland (1834) to escape British colonial policies.

Mfecane

19th-century upheavals caused by Zulu expansion under Shaka; reshaped southern Africa's political landscape.

Slave Hierarchies

Patterns favoring Creole (America-born) slaves over Saltwater (African-born); mulatto slaves often held higher status.

African Religions in the Americas

Syncretic faiths such as Obeah, Candomblé, and Vodun blending African, Christian, and Indigenous traditions.

Maritime technologies

Navigational devices (compass, astrolabe, pintle and gudgeon stern-post rudder, and lateen sails) that Europeans used in the Age of Exploration.

European Explorers

Portugal led early exploration under Prince Henry the Navigator, who built a navigation school. Vasco da Gama reached India by sea (1498). Christopher Columbus reached the Americas while seeking India (1492). Ferdinand Magellan began the first circumnavigation (1519) and enabled Spain to claim the Philippines.

Columbian Exchange

Cultural and biological exchange between Old and New Worlds after 1492; caused the Great Dying, Old World population booms from new crops, and major global migrations.

World economy

Sea-based global economic system created by European exploration in the late 16th century, involving worldwide exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured goods.

Lepanto

1571 naval battle where Spain defeated the Ottoman Empire, proving European naval superiority.

East India Companies

British, French, and Dutch joint-stock trading companies with government-granted monopolies in Asia; acted semi-independently.

Mercantilism

Colonial economic system where core nations imported from their own colonies and exported widely; Europe exported manufactured goods and imported raw materials, while colonies depended on European markets and used forced or cheap labor.

Spanish Conquistadores

Leaders of Spanish conquests in the Americas. Cortés defeated the Aztecs (1519), Balboa crossed Central America and saw the Pacific, and Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire.

New France

French colonial holdings in Canada, the St. Lawrence River valley, Great Lakes, and down the Mississippi River valley.

Atlantic colonies

The thirteen British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America from New England to Georgia.

Cape Colony

Dutch settlement at the Cape of Good Hope (1652) as a supply station for Asian voyages; settlers fought African peoples as they expanded.

Boers

Dutch and other European settlers in Cape Colony; later called Afrikaners.

Calcutta

British East India Company headquarters in Bengal; captured during the Seven Years' War, leading to the "Black Hole of Calcutta." Later became a major administrative center.

Seven Years' War

Global conflict (1756-1763) in Europe, Africa, India; ended with Treaty of Paris (1763) giving Britain New France and limiting French influence in India.

Asian sea trading network

Maritime trade system from East Africa to East Asia with three major zones: Arab zone (glass, carpets), Indian zone (cotton textiles), Chinese zone (paper, porcelain, silks). Largely peaceful until Europeans arrived.

Mercantilism (East Asian context)

17th-18th century theory promoting limited imports, strong internal economies, and colonial raw-material extraction; associated with Mun, Colbert, and Serra; term coined by Adam Smith.

Portuguese trade empire

Based on fortified trading posts (factories) such as El Mina, Luanda, Sofala/Mozambique, Ormuz, Goa, and Macau; dominated early entry into Indian Ocean and slave trade networks.

Mindanao

Southern Philippine island linking Indian Ocean trade to the northern islands; influenced by Hindu-Buddhist culture and later Islam; resisted Spanish conquest.

Spanish Philippines

Claimed after Magellan; conquered 1521-1598; ruled from Manila as part of New Spain; center of silver-for-Asian-goods galleon trade; contested by Europeans and Asians until the Spanish-American War.

Dutch trading empire

Based on fortified towns and factories (e.g., Batavia on Java), naval patrols, and monopoly control over select goods, especially spices.

Renaissance

Cultural movement beginning in 14th-century Italy, spreading to Northern Europe; revived classical Greco-Roman ideas; driven by Humanism; influenced art, politics, religion, and science.

Renaissance Literature

Shift from religious Latin texts to secular themes and vernacular languages. Key works: Dante's Inferno, Petrarchan sonnets, Boccaccio's Decameron, Machiavelli's The Prince, More's Utopia, Cervantes' Don Quixote, and Shakespeare's works.

Renaissance Art

Sponsored by patrons like the Medici and King Francis I; artists (Michelangelo, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Dürer) used realism, classical techniques, anatomy, geometry, and perspective to transform art.

Johannes Gutenberg

Introduced the movable type printing press to Western Europe in the 15th century, expanding the availability of printed materials and ultimately literacy.