CLA 1102 - Final Exam - History

Transalpine Gaul (Gallia Comata)

province which invades Caesar's provinces (Cisalpine gaul & Illyricum); Caesar launches campaign against them (takes 5 years)

Parthians

biggest civilized empire that is near Rome; replaced the Persians; causing trouble

Battle of Carrhae

53; Crassus & the Romans are defeated by the Parthians; Crassus beheaded & most Roman soldiers end up dead

Vercingetorix

lead the Gaul revolt in Britain; Romans defeat him

Alesia

where Vercingetorix takes his revolt after being defeated in Britain

Rubicon

a tiny river which acted as the boundary between Caesar's territory and the rest of Italy ("crossing the rubicon" = someone's done something that can't be taken back)

'Iacta Alea Est'

"The die has been cast"

Battle of Dyrrhachium

Pompey amasses army here; Caesar besieges Pompey; Pompey & army flee; Caesar takes the city

Battle of Pharsalus

After being defeated in Dyrrhachium, Pompey flees here & creates new army; Caesar & Pompey meet again; Pompey is defeated

Alexandria

After being defeated in Pharsalus, Pompey flees here to his only remaining ally (Ptolemy)

Ptolemy XIII

beheads Pompey as a gift to Caesar to avoid war (Caesar wanted Pompey alive to return him to Rome and pardon him) after he saw Caesar was going to win; drowned in the Nile

Cleopatra VII

Wife/sister of Ptolemy XIII; snuck into Caesar's quarters & convinces him to join her side which leads to the Alexandrian war; takes the throne after Ptolemy's death

Caesarion

Ptolemy XV Caesar (same person); son of Caesar & Cleopatra

Pharnaces

the son of Mithridates; is rebelling near Pontus

Battle of Zela

47; Caesar stops Pharnaces here & defeats him

'Veni Vidi Vici'

"I came, I saw, I conquered" (said by Caesar)

Battle of Thapsus

In Africa; Caesar goes here to confront Pompey's supporters; defeats them, adding more territory

Battle of Munda

45; where Caesar defeats Pompey's 2 sons; Caesar then returns to Rome permanently

Curia Pompeiana

"Pompey's Senate House"; where the senate meets temporarily because the main senate house was burned down in a riot

Brutus & Cassius

2 main conspirators in Caesar's death

M. Antonius (Antony)

Associate of Caesar; moves in to take power... leaves to Alexandria & falls in love with Cleopatra & takes her as a mistress & dumps Octavia; has 3 children with Cleopatra; eventually commits suicide with Cleopatra

M. Aemilius Lepidus

Associate of Caesar; moves in to take power

C. Octavius

grandson of Caesar's sister who was adopted by Caesar; changes his name to C. Iulius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian); decides to act like the heir of Caesar & amasses army; demands consulship & gets it in 43

Battle of Mutina

where Octavian defeats M. Antony when he goes to confront him

Triumvirate

2nd group 3 powerful men - M. Antony, M. Lepidus, & Octavian; now an official title - Triumvirate for the Restoration of the State

M. Tullius Cicero

a supporter of Octavian, but wrote undermining things about Antony, & Antony wants to get rid of him; Octavian agrees despite the fact he had helped him; gets word & flees but assassins catch up; right hand & head cut off and displayed as warnings in the Forum

Battle of Philippi

42; where the Triumvirate attacks Brutus & Cassius & their army in Greece; Triumvirate defeats them

Brundisium

where the Triumvirate meets to establish a new treaty to avoid civil war; divide empire amongst themselves; results in the Peace of Brundisium - Antony gets the east; Octavian gets the west; Libidus gets Africa

Octavia

sister of Octavian whom Antony married to cement the alliance between them; devoted wife to Antony

Alexander Helios

40; son of Cleopatra & Antony; twin of Selene II

Cleopatra Selene II

40; daughter of Cleopatra & Antony; twin of Alexander Helios

Ptolemy Philadelphus

36; son of Cleopatra & Antony

Sextus Pompey

aligns with Lepidus to take over more of the west (Octavian's territory); starts a revolt; Lepidus & Sextus are defeated

Agrippa

right-hand man of Octavian; commands Octavian's fleet

Battle of Actium

31; sea battle between Octavian/Agrippa & Antony/Cleopatra; long and hard battle but Agrippa wins

Imperator

official latin word for "emperor"

Augustus

as of January 16th 27BC, the senate gives Octavian the title of Augustus, the most revered one

Auctoritas

the way an emperor rules; people do what he says not because of the power he has, but because of WHO he is

Augustus

first emperor; improved military/religion/medicine; age of Augustus = peak/golden age; solved political violence & made Rome safe; "I found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble"; added 12 NEW PROVINCES:

Phrygia

1st province added by Augustus

Galatia

2nd province added by Augustus

Pisidia

3rd province added by Augustus

Lycaonia (in Asia Minor)

4th province added by Augustus (25BC)

Spain

5th province added by Augustus (19BC)

Raetia

6th province added by Augustus

Noricum

7th province added by Augustus (15BC)

Alpes Maritimae

8th province added by Augustus (14-8BC)

Illyricum

9th province added by Augustus (12BC)

Pannonia

10th province added by Augustus (9BC)

Moesia

11th province added by Augustus (AD 4)

Palaestina

12th province added by Augustus (AD 6)

Elbe River

Augustus has pacified and consolidated all the territory up until the river Elbe

P. Quinctilius Varus

shitty Roman commander; his legion was ambushed by Germans (no survivors); all three legions standards were lost and never got back

Clades Variana

"Varian slaughter of the 3 legions"; correct name for the German defeat; Germany was left alone after this

Battle of Teutoburg Forest

AD 9; where the Romans were brutally defeated by the Germans

Mars Ultor

a temple erected by Augustus in AD 2 dedicated to the god Mars

Julio-claudians

the first dynasty of the Roman empire (Julio-Claudian dynasty); Augustus, Tiberius, Gaius (Caligula), Claudius, & Nero; 27 BC - AD 68

Augustus

good emperor; had 1 daughter (Julia) who was notorious for sleeping around; Augustus eventually finds out and exiles her to an island; adopts Tiberius who was his wife's child from another marriage which allows Tiberius to become emperor after his death in AD 14

Tiberius

awful emperor; left Rome (while still being emperor) and went to Capri; left his heir designate, Sejanus, in control of Rome; Sejanus was ruthless & bloodthirsty (so much so that he had Sejanus & his entire family killed; eventually killed by nephew Gaius so that he may become emperor

Gaius (Caligula)

absolute horse shit emperor; twisted world view due to porn; got really sick at one point and when he recovers he thinks he's become a God; made his horse consul????; slept with his sisters; killed a lot of people; eventually assassinated but had no heir, therefore the praetorian guard decided they would choose

Claudius

not so awful emperor; Gaius' uncle who the guards found hiding behind a curtain; had a stutter & leg/foot deformity so everyone thought he was dumb; guard thought it would be funny to make him emperor but he was actually not that bad; married a second wife & adopted her son; new wife eventually poisons him so her son could have the throne

Nero

trash emperor; killed his mother & stomped his pregnant wife to death & killed tons of people; senators & family hated him but the people loved him; wrote a lot of poetry & was strange (huge fire in Rome - "Nero fiddled while Rome burned"... then built a giant lake where everything had burned down); eventually people start to revolt and Nero commits suicide by slave (but weird story; he thought he was pregnant & went into labour, asked his slave to do a C-section but there's no baby and he dies from the surgery)

Livia

Augustus's wife; mother of Tiberius; forced Tiberius into becoming emperor

Sejanus

evil designate assigned by Tiberius to rule Rome; eventually assassinated

Praetorian Guard

the emperor's own personal set of bodyguards

Britannicus

Claudius' other son from previous marriage; Nero was older so he got throne

Cappadocia

territory which was added by Tiberius

Mauretania, Britain, Thrace

territory which was added by Claudius; added more territory than any other emperor until Trajan; couldn't subdue Scotland

Galba

1st emperor in "the year of 4 emperors"; after legions revolt in Gaul, troops appoint him as emperor even though Nero is still alive; killed by Otho

Otho

2nd emperor in "the year of 4 emperors"; killed by Vitellius

Vitellius

3rd emperor in "the year of 4 emperors"; killed by Vespasian

Vespasian

good emperor; last emperor in "the year of 4 emperors" (AD 69); started the colosseum & established his own dynasty (Flavian); died young (only emperor 2 years)

Titus

best emperor (?); son of Vespasian; did one good deed every day; finished the colosseum; died young (only emperor for 2 years)

Domitian

horrible & awful emperor; grew up in palace; emperor for 15 years before being assassinated; had no one to succeed him so the senate steps in and appoints Nerva

Nerva

not bad or good; adopted Trajan; didn't do much

Trajan

nice & good; adopted Hadrian; military-focused

Hadrian

nice & good; adopted Antoninus Pius

Antoninus Pius

nice & good; adopted both Marcus Aurelius & Lucius Verus

Marcus Aurelius & Lucius Verus

very very good; Lucius dies first; Aurelius had a son of his own named Commodus

Dacia

AD 106; captured by Trajan

Arabia

AD 105; captured by Trajan

Armenia, Mesopotamia, Assyria

AD 114-117; captured by Trajan

Lucius Veru (Commodus)

garbo trash man; renamed EVERYTHING after himself (the months, renamed Rome, etc); twisted sense of humour (cutting someone's leg off and calling them stumpy); proclaimed augustus before his father even died; eventually assassinated (took 2 tries though - poison first but threw it up, strangled after)

Colonia Lucia Annia Commodiana

what Commodus renamed Rome (after himself)